First Declension Endings |
Case Name |
Sing./Plural |
Examples |
|
NominativeThe "subject case": the subject is the word found by asking WHO or WHAT before the verb. |
-A |
-AE |
porta, portaePorta magna est. The gate is large. |
GenitiveThe "possession case": The genitive word corresponds to the word that takes an apostrophe in English. If (A) is in the genitive, (A) possesses something else (B), with the emphasis falling on (B), so that (A) is somewhat like a modifier of (B): in student's book (= discipuli liber), the possession-word qualifies the meaning of the noun book. |
-AE |
-ÂRUM |
portae, portârummagnitudo portae The size of the gate |
DativeThe "indirect object case": the indirect object is found by asking TO / FOR WHOM? or TO / FOR WHAT? after the verb. Certain verbs govern the dative. |
-AE |
-ÎS |
portae, portîsNullus est portis custos. There is no guard for the gates. |
AccusativeThe "direct object case": the direct object is usually found by asking WHO or WHAT after an action-verb whose action has a receiver. "We hold these truths." The accusative is also used after certain prepositions. |
-AM |
-ÂS |
portam, portâsAnte portam oppidi. Before the town's gate |
AblativeThe "by-with-from case": Certain prepositions take objects in this case. Used alone it can have an adverbial meaning, e.g., indicating how something is done. |
-Â |
-ÎS |
portâ, portaeIn portâ consistit. He made a stand in the gateway. |