CHAPTER 21

"Third and Fourth Conjugations: Passive Voice of Indicative and Present Infinitive"

SYSTEMS OF VERBS REVIEWED

In Chapter 18 you learned the passive voice of the present system of tenses -- the present, future and imperfect -- for first and second conjugation verbs. I also added in my notes the third and fourth conjugations, although Wheelock didn't take them up. You'll see in the chapter that the third and forth conjugation verbs follow the same rules for forming the passive voice in the present system as those governing first and second conjugation verbs. Let's do a little review for a moment. Latin verbs have four principal parts. Let's look at them in reverse order.

The fourth principal part is the perfect passive participle, and it is used with a conjugated form of the verb "sum" to form the perfect passive system: 


          Perfect Passive:      4th prin. part.+ present of "sum"

       Pluperfect Passive:      4th prin. part + imperfect of "sum"

   Future Perfect Passive:      4th prin. part + future of "sum"
An important feature to notice about the perfect system passive is that the formulae given above for the three tenses apply to all four conjugations of Latin verbs. Once you get to the fourth principal part of a verb, there is only one set of formulae for forming the different perfect tenses passive. How do you form the perfect tense passive of a first conjugation verb; say "laudo"? The fourth principal part is "laudatus (-a, -um)", so it's like this: 

                laudatus (-a, -um)   sum

                laudatus (-a, -um)   es

                laudatus (-a, -um)   est



                laudati (-ae, -a)    sumus

                laudati (-ae, -a)    estis

                laudati (-ae, -a)    sunt
Now form the perfect tense passive of a fourth conjugation verb; "audio, -ire, audivi, auditus". You follow precisely the same formula set out above: the fourth principal part + "sum" 

                auditus (-a, -um)    sum

                auditus (-a, -um)    es

                auditus (-a, -um)    est



                auditi (-ae, -a)     sumus

                auditi (-ae, -a)     estis

                auditi (-ae, -a)     sunt
Do you see? Even though "laudo" and "audio" are verbs of different conjugations, their perfect system passive are formed according to the same rules.

The perfect system active, similarly, follows the same rules for all four conjugations. To form this system of tenses, you simply find the third principal part of the verb you wish to conjugate and add the perfect system personal endings: 


                       PERFECT       PLUPERFECT    FUTURE PERFECT



                        -i             -eram           -ero

                        -isti          -eras           -eris

                        -it            -erat           -erit

3rd prin. part +

                        -imus          -eramus         -erimus

                        -istis         -eratis         -eritis

                        -erunt         -erant          -erint
The purpose of this review is to remind you that verbs of different conjugations differ from one another only in the present system. Strictly speaking, therefore, it is meaningless to talk about forming the perfect system of a first, second, third or fourth conjugation verb. All Latin verb work the same way in the perfect system -- active and passive.

So, the only tense system in which the different conjugations follow different rules is the present system -- in the system which uses the first principal part as its stem. The four conjugations, nevertheless, share many common features. Let's review these differences and similarities.

  1. All four conjugations use the same personal endings in the active and passive voices for all three tenses. Write out the personal endings for the present system tenses: 
    
                    ACTIVE             PASSIVE



           1st    ____________       ____________



           2nd    ____________       ____________



           3rd    ____________       ____________





           1st    ____________       ____________



           2nd    ____________       ____________



           3rd    ____________       ____________
  2. The imperative mood is formed the same way -- first principal part + endings. What are the formulae? 
    
         SINGULAR:    1st principal part    +   __________



         PLURAL:      1st principal part    +   __________
  3. The active infinitives from all conjugations are formed the same way: 
    
	1st principal part + "-re".
  4. The imperfect tense in all the conjugations is formed the same way: 
    
	First Principal Part   +   ba   +   active or passive pers. end.
But there are also differences among the conjugations in the present system:
  1. The first and most obvious difference among the conjugations in the present system is the stem (or thematic) vowels. This is vowel which appears at the end of the stem, directly before the conjugated endings of the verb. What are the stem vowels for the conjugations? 
    
             CONJUGATION           STEM VOWEL



             FIRST                 __________



             SECOND                __________



             THIRD                 __________



             FOURTH                __________
  2. Another substantial difference among the declensions has to do with the formation of the future tense.
    1. First and second conjugation verbs form the future by inserting the tense sign "-be-" (short "-e-") between the first principal part and the personal endings (whether active or passive).
    2. But the third and fourth conjugations use the vowels "-a-" and "-e-" as their tense signs for the future. Then they add on the personal endings. Let's do a fast review of all the conjugations in the future tense active voice. Write out the future tense of these verbs. 
      
          I          II          III        III-i        IV



        laudo       moneo       duco        capio       audio



     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________



     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________



     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________





     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________



     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________



     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

REVIEW OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM IN THE PASSIVE VOICE

You know the present system passive for the first and second conjugation verbs, and you saw that there was nothing very difficult about it. The only difference between the active and passive voices is the different set of personal endings each uses.
  1. To form the present tense passive, you add the passive personal endings to the end of the first principal part.
  2. To form the future tense passive, you add the passive personal endings to the stem + the tense sign for the future. (In the first and second conjugations the tense sign for the future is "-be-".)
  3. To form the imperfect tense passive, you add the passive personal endings to the first principal part + the tense sign for the imperfect tense -- "-ba-".
Write out the present system passive of these first and second conjugation verbs: "amo"; "deleo".

FIRST CONJUGATION: PRESENT SYSTEM, PASSIVE VOICE


amo (1)



             PRESENT              FUTURE              IMPERFECT



1st      _______________      _______________      _______________



2nd      _______________     _______________       _______________



3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________





1st      _______________      _______________      _______________



2nd      _______________      _______________      _______________



3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________

SECOND CONJUGATION: PRESENT SYSTEM, PASSIVE VOICE

deleo (2)



             PRESENT              FUTURE              IMPERFECT



1st      _______________      _______________      _______________



2nd      _______________      _______________      _______________



3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________





1st      _______________      _______________      _______________



2nd      _______________      _______________      _______________



3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION

Now look again at the rules for forming the present system passive up above. Third and fourth conjugation verbs follow these rules to the letter.
  1. Present tense passive is the first principal part + passive personal endings.
  2. The future passive is the first principal part + the tense sign for the future + passive personal endings.
  3. The imperfect passive is the first principal part + the tense sign for the imperfect + the passive personal endings.
Essentially what you're doing is simply replacing the active personal endings with the passive. Let's have a look at the present tense passive for a third conjugation verb. The stem vowel of a third conjugation verb is short "-e-", but the vowel undergoes some changes when you start adding personal endings to it:
  1. it is completely absorbed by the "-o" of the first person singular;
  2. it becomes short "-i-" before all the other personal endings except the third person plural;
  3. it becomes short "-u-" before the "-nt" of the third person plural.
    4. Okay, now try to guess what the present passive forms of a third conjugation verb are going to be. First write down the present tense active of "duco", then go back and change the personal endings from the active to the passive. (Check your answers in Wheelock, p. 97.)

PRESENT TENSE: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE 


                  ACTIVE                    PASSIVE



1st           _______________           _______________



2nd           _______________          _______________



3rd           _______________           _______________





1st           _______________           _______________



2nd           _______________           _______________



3rd           _______________           _______________
Now let's do the same thing for the future of "duco". Remember, all you're doing is changing the active endings to the passive endings.

FUTURE TENSE: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE 


                  ACTIVE                    PASSIVE



1st           _______________          _______________



2nd           _______________          _______________



3rd           _______________           _______________





1st           _______________           _______________



2nd           _______________           _______________



3rd           _______________           _______________
Now for something truly horrifying. Write the present and the future tense passive 2nd person singular of "duco" next to each other: 

                  PRESENT                   FUTURE



              _______________           _______________
The only difference between these two tenses is the length of the vowel "-e-". In the present tense, it's short, because it represents the original stem vowel, which is a short "-e-" in the third conjugation. In the future tense, the "-e-" is long, because this time the "-e-" is the tense sign for the future. The length of the vowel -- and hence the location of the stress accent -- is the only difference between the present and future second person passive: the present "ducris" is pronounced "DOO ki ris"; the future "duceris" is pronounced "doo KEH ris".

Now let's look at the imperfect tense of the "duco". First write down the form for the active voice, then change it to the passive voice by substituting the active personal endings with the passive personal endings.

IMPERFECT TENSE: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE


                  ACTIVE                    PASSIVE



1st           _______________           _______________



2nd           _______________           _______________



3rd           _______________           _______________





1st           _______________           _______________



2nd           _______________           _______________



3rd           _______________           _______________

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES OF THIRD CONJUGATION I-STEM

So let's go on to the third conjugation "i-stem". The first thing to do is to remain calm. The third conjugation "i-stem" forms its passive voice according to the same rules the "non i-stem" conjugation follows. You're simply going to alter the active forms by replacing the active personal endings with the passive endings. This means that wherever the extra "-i-" shows up in the active voice, it'll show up in the passive voice as well. Write down the active forms first, and then change them to the passive: "capio".

THIRD CONJUGATION I-STEM 


				PRESENT

                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE



   1st     ____________________            ____________________



   2nd     ____________________            ____________________



   3rd     ____________________            ____________________





   1st     ____________________            ____________________



   2nd     ____________________            ____________________



   3rd     ____________________            ____________________



                                  FUTURE

                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE



   1st     ____________________            ____________________



   2nd     ____________________            ____________________



   3rd     ____________________            ____________________





   1st     ____________________            ____________________



   2nd     ____________________            ____________________



   3rd     ____________________            ____________________



                                 IMPERFECT

                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE



   1st     ____________________            ____________________



   2nd     ____________________            ____________________



   3rd     ____________________            ____________________





   1st     ____________________            ____________________



   2nd     ____________________            ____________________



   3rd     ____________________            ____________________

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION

And now, finally, the fourth conjugation. You'll have no trouble with this conjugation, if you remember that the stem vowel is long "-i-". Use "audio".

FOURTH CONJUGATION


				PRESENT

                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE



     1st   ____________________            ____________________



     2nd   ____________________            ____________________



     3rd   ____________________            ____________________





     1st   ____________________            ____________________



     2nd   ____________________            ____________________



     3rd   ____________________            ____________________



                                  FUTURE

                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE



   1st     ____________________            ____________________



   2nd     ____________________            ____________________



   3rd     ____________________            ____________________





   1st     ____________________            ____________________



   2nd     ____________________            ____________________



   3rd     ____________________            ____________________



                                 IMPERFECT

                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE



   1st     ____________________            ____________________



   2nd     ____________________            ____________________



   3rd     ____________________            ____________________





   1st     ____________________            ____________________



   2nd     ____________________            ____________________



   3rd     ____________________            ____________________

THE PASSIVE INFINITIVES OF THE THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS

To form the passive infinitive of first and second conjugation verbs, you simply replace the normal "-re" ending with "-ri". This is how you form the passive infinitive of fourth conjugation verbs as well. Hence, 

1st Conjugation   amare   "to love"     amari  "to be loved"

2nd Conjugation   delere  "to destroy"  deleri "to be destroyed"

4th Conjugation   audire  "to hear"     audiri "to be heard"
Notice that these three conjugation have something in common. In each the stem vowel is long: "ama-", "dele", and "audi-". Hence they form their present passive infinitives the same way. But this leave the third conjugation, both "i-stem" and "non i-stem" unaccounted for, because third conjugation verbs have a short stem vowel: short "-e-". To form the passive infinitive of third conjugation verbs, you drop the stem vowel and replace it with long "-i". Hence 

Non I-Stem        ducere  "to lead"       duci   "to be led"

I-Stem            capere  "to capture"    capi "to be captured"

DRILLS

Work through Wheelock's Self-Help Tutorials for this chapter to see whether you've thoroughly understood the material. Then try these exercises for a little more practice. Reverse the voice of these sentences. 

1.   Homines saepe malam laudem audiunt.

     ____________________________________________________________



2.   Ab quibus discipulis hi versus legebantur?

     ____________________________________________________________



3.   Iste tyrannus omnes civitates capiet.

     ____________________________________________________________



4.   Nostri amici nos adiuvabant.

     ____________________________________________________________



5.   Tui amici te non neglegent.

     ____________________________________________________________

VOCABULARY PUZZLES


causa, -ae (f)       Note well the common use of causa to mean "for

                     the sake of".  In this usage, causa is used

                     like a preposition: it is put into the

                     ablative case and its object, which actually

                     precedes it, is in the genitive case.  E.g.

                     "artis causa" = "for the sake of art".



finis, -is (m)       Look at what it means in the plural.



quod                 You have to be careful with this word.  As you

                     probably remember, quod is the form used by

                     the relative pronoun for the neuter nominative

                     and accusative singular.
01/08/93