The fourth principal part is the perfect passive participle, and it is used with a conjugated form of the verb "sum" to form the perfect passive system:
Perfect Passive: 4th prin. part.+ present of "sum" Pluperfect Passive: 4th prin. part + imperfect of "sum" Future Perfect Passive: 4th prin. part + future of "sum"An important feature to notice about the perfect system passive is that the formulae given above for the three tenses apply to all four conjugations of Latin verbs. Once you get to the fourth principal part of a verb, there is only one set of formulae for forming the different perfect tenses passive. How do you form the perfect tense passive of a first conjugation verb; say "laudo"? The fourth principal part is "laudatus (-a, -um)", so it's like this:
laudatus (-a, -um) sum laudatus (-a, -um) es laudatus (-a, -um) est laudati (-ae, -a) sumus laudati (-ae, -a) estis laudati (-ae, -a) suntNow form the perfect tense passive of a fourth conjugation verb; "audio, -ire, audivi, auditus". You follow precisely the same formula set out above: the fourth principal part + "sum"
auditus (-a, -um) sum auditus (-a, -um) es auditus (-a, -um) est auditi (-ae, -a) sumus auditi (-ae, -a) estis auditi (-ae, -a) suntDo you see? Even though "laudo" and "audio" are verbs of different conjugations, their perfect system passive are formed according to the same rules.
The perfect system active, similarly, follows the same rules for all four conjugations. To form this system of tenses, you simply find the third principal part of the verb you wish to conjugate and add the perfect system personal endings:
PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT -i -eram -ero -isti -eras -eris -it -erat -erit 3rd prin. part + -imus -eramus -erimus -istis -eratis -eritis -erunt -erant -erintThe purpose of this review is to remind you that verbs of different conjugations differ from one another only in the present system. Strictly speaking, therefore, it is meaningless to talk about forming the perfect system of a first, second, third or fourth conjugation verb. All Latin verb work the same way in the perfect system -- active and passive.
So, the only tense system in which the different conjugations follow different rules is the present system -- in the system which uses the first principal part as its stem. The four conjugations, nevertheless, share many common features. Let's review these differences and similarities.
ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st ____________ ____________ 2nd ____________ ____________ 3rd ____________ ____________ 1st ____________ ____________ 2nd ____________ ____________ 3rd ____________ ____________
SINGULAR: 1st principal part + __________ PLURAL: 1st principal part + __________
1st principal part + "-re".
First Principal Part + ba + active or passive pers. end.
CONJUGATION STEM VOWEL FIRST __________ SECOND __________ THIRD __________ FOURTH __________
I II III III-i IV laudo moneo duco capio audio ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________
amo (1) PRESENT FUTURE IMPERFECT 1st _______________ _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ _______________ 1st _______________ _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ _______________
deleo (2) PRESENT FUTURE IMPERFECT 1st _______________ _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ _______________ 1st _______________ _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ _______________
ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ 1st _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________Now let's do the same thing for the future of "duco". Remember, all you're doing is changing the active endings to the passive endings.
ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ 1st _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________Now for something truly horrifying. Write the present and the future tense passive 2nd person singular of "duco" next to each other:
PRESENT FUTURE _______________ _______________The only difference between these two tenses is the length of the vowel "-e-". In the present tense, it's short, because it represents the original stem vowel, which is a short "-e-" in the third conjugation. In the future tense, the "-e-" is long, because this time the "-e-" is the tense sign for the future. The length of the vowel -- and hence the location of the stress accent -- is the only difference between the present and future second person passive: the present "ducris" is pronounced "DOO ki ris"; the future "duceris" is pronounced "doo KEH ris".
Now let's look at the imperfect tense of the "duco". First write down the form for the active voice, then change it to the passive voice by substituting the active personal endings with the passive personal endings.
ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________ 1st _______________ _______________ 2nd _______________ _______________ 3rd _______________ _______________
PRESENT ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ FUTURE ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ IMPERFECT ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________
PRESENT ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ FUTURE ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ IMPERFECT ACTIVE PASSIVE 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________ 1st ____________________ ____________________ 2nd ____________________ ____________________ 3rd ____________________ ____________________
1st Conjugation amare "to love" amari "to be loved" 2nd Conjugation delere "to destroy" deleri "to be destroyed" 4th Conjugation audire "to hear" audiri "to be heard"Notice that these three conjugation have something in common. In each the stem vowel is long: "ama-", "dele", and "audi-". Hence they form their present passive infinitives the same way. But this leave the third conjugation, both "i-stem" and "non i-stem" unaccounted for, because third conjugation verbs have a short stem vowel: short "-e-". To form the passive infinitive of third conjugation verbs, you drop the stem vowel and replace it with long "-i". Hence
Non I-Stem ducere "to lead" duci "to be led" I-Stem capere "to capture" capi "to be captured"
1. Homines saepe malam laudem audiunt. ____________________________________________________________ 2. Ab quibus discipulis hi versus legebantur? ____________________________________________________________ 3. Iste tyrannus omnes civitates capiet. ____________________________________________________________ 4. Nostri amici nos adiuvabant. ____________________________________________________________ 5. Tui amici te non neglegent. ____________________________________________________________
causa, -ae (f) Note well the common use of causa to mean "for the sake of". In this usage, causa is used like a preposition: it is put into the ablative case and its object, which actually precedes it, is in the genitive case. E.g. "artis causa" = "for the sake of art". finis, -is (m) Look at what it means in the plural. quod You have to be careful with this word. As you probably remember, quod is the form used by the relative pronoun for the neuter nominative and accusative singular.01/08/93