When New Orleans passed under American control and a city government was established, the first work of the new coimcil was to overhaul the fire department and improve it. There were four engines in the city, one for each of the four quarters of the city, but they were without trucks; and the committee to which was given the matter of strengthening the fire department recommended that there be organized for each engine a company of fifteen men, vmder a foreman. These first foremen were le Sieur Chesse McNeal, Hilaire Boiitte, and Gagne. A fifth engine, called L'Union, was soon after provided, and the council appropriated $1,000 for the support of a volunteer fire department— the first appropriation made for the purpose. It provided also for a detail of firemen each week for patrol duty. The several companies were entirely independent of one another, and considerable confusion resulted, requiring the attention of the fire committee of the council. It was found too arduous work for the firemen to do patrol duly as well as service witli their engine, and the
fire patrol was abolished in 1806, and the ordinary police patrol was required to give notice of fires to the fire companies.
In ISOG, the council showed that it was beginning to understand and appreciate the necessity of taking precautions to prevent fires, and a number of very sensible ordinances were passed, such, for instance, as the prohibition of shingle roofs, providing for the inspection of chimneys, relating to the proper policing in the case of fire, so as to prevent looting and other depredations, which were frequent at that time.
A still more rigid law was passed in 1807, known as the ''bucket ordinance." It fixed the limits within which the construction of wooden buildings was prohibited ; it required every householder to have a well on his premises and to be provided with at least two buckets.
A depot for four engines, known as the Depot des Pompes, was provided at the City Hall, with twelve dozen buckets, twelve ladders, ten grappling-irons and their chains, ten gaffs, twelve shovels, twelve pick-axes, twenty axes and ten sledge-hammers. Six other engines were provided for—one at the Theater St. Philippe, one in each of the four quarters or wards of the city, and one in the Fauxbourg St. Marie, the new or American district of the city, which was growing up above Canal street. Each engine was to be served by a company consisting of from twelve to twenty-two men. There was, in addition, a company of "sapeurs" (sappers), composed of thirty workmen accustomed to use the ax, such as carpenters, blacksmiths and iron workers, whose duty it was to tear down building's whenever this became necessary to prevent the spread of fire. On the first Sunday of each month the engines were required to repair to the Place d'Armes (Jackson Square), there to play their engines and otherwise exercise themselves.
The ordinance is a long one, and there are numerous provisions as to the fire department; indeed, it was so complete that it has formed the basis of nearly all the subsequent legislation on this subject. It will be noted from the detail of the engines and other implements of the fire department that the latter was very well provided, considering the time and place for fighting fires. It was certainly in marked contrast with the condition that had prevailed eighteen years previous, at the time of the great fire of 1788, and gives some idea of the progress that New Orleans was making imder American rule.
The firemen were all volunteers; and to encourage the citizens to join the several companies, the legislature passed a law exempting from jury duty all fire-
men, a provision which remained in force np to the time of the disbandment of the volunteer department.
The council, at the same time (1807), offered a reward of $50 to the fire company whose engine first reached any fire.
A fire-alarm service was provided for, hut it was of a most primitive character. A watchman, or sereno, as he was still called, was required to be by day and night on guard at the porch of the St. Louis Cathedral, whose duty it was to call the hours, and who, at the first sight of a fire, should ring the alarm bell. He was further to indicate to the citizens who rushed toward the church the direction in which the fire was by waving a flag by day and a torch by night.
In the event of a fire alarm, all the watchmen who could be spared from police duty were required to report at once at the City Hall, whence they were sent in squads toward the fire by parallel streets, obliging all persons whom they met to go to the fire and lend their assistance in extinguishing it, by working the engines.
The necessity of a good fire department became more and more obvious. Whether with reason or not it is difficult to say, but the belief prevailed that there were a number of incendiaries in the city who were desirous of burning it down. In 1807 the council passed a resolution, in which it was announced that there had been two recent attempts to burn the city; and rewards of $.500 were offered for evidence that would convict the incendiaries. How strong the popular sentiment was on this point is borne evidence to by the passage of a law allowing slaves to testify against their masters in cases of arson or incendiarism, and even giving them their liberty as a reward for furnishing information in cases of incendiary fires.
These acts stopped the incendiary fires, but in 1816 another big conflagration broke out, in the lower part of the city, which exposed the utter inefficiency of the fire department. A board of fire commissioners was created, five in each of the eight wards of the city. The commissioners were required to be at all fires, bearing white wands as badges of office and authority, and to direct all persons present at the fire, whether free or slave, by forcing them into ranks for the purpose of handling buckets to supply the fire engines with water, and perform such other duties as Avere required of them. The coiincil tried to organize a municipal and partly paid force, but it was more or less a failure.
In 1829 ISTew Orleans abandoned all efforts to support a paid fire department of its o\\Ti and arranged with the volunteers (the Firemen's Charitable Associa-
tion). for the extinguishment of fires. The volunteer firemen had several controversies with the city hefore the latter fully accepted their services in the extinguishing of fires. One of the most serious was in 1833, when the council placed two of the engines imder the control of negroes—negroes having been previously used to a great degree as firemen. The volunteer firemen held a meeting and tendered their resignations, in case negroes were continued in the service, whereupon the mayor and council gave in and the engines were turned over to white firemen.
The expense of the fire department during its earlier days was very small. The cost for 1835, for instance, was only $10,430. The city gave only $1,000 a year. The insurance companies and banks gave $1,500; the firemen themselves, $250. The balance was given by individual subscriptions from property holders and merchants, who were interested in preventing fires. Thus, it will be seen that the new service was doubly a volunteer one—the firemen giving their services free, while the money for the necessary and legitimate expenses of the department was contributed by voluntary subscriptions. It was such a fire service as might be expected in a very primitive state of society.
Its popularity- did not prevent the volunteers from getting into serious difficulties with the city. There was no sufficient head to the department, and the rivalry of the several companies led to unfortunate results, which more or less interfered with the extinguishment of fires. The council attempted to restore order and discipline, in 1855, by the creation of the office of chief engineer of the fire department, and selected James H. Wing-field for the position. It also passed an ordinance providing, among other things, for the payment of the firemen ; in other words, it attempted to establish a paid fire department. Finally, seven of the companies which had grown very weak, were disbanded and deprived of their charters.
The result of this legislation was a revolt on the part of the volunteer firemen. They asserted that the plan to get rid of them and substitute a paid fire department was the work of the underwriters. They accordingly announced their intention of retiring from business, met in mass meeting and resigned from the service.
The city invited bids for the extinguishment of fires, and the Firemen's Charitable Association, to the surprise of every one, bid in the contract, for $70,00. This contract plan continued for thirty-six years, until 1891, the amount allowed for the fire service being increased from year to year.
In 1860, jiist before tlie opening of the civil war, the fire department consisted of fourteen hand-engines, five steam-engines and four hook-and-ladder trucks. At the outbreak of the war, the firemen were organized into a military body, unifoi'med as zouaves and equipped with arms; but this organization, of course, bi-oke up when Gen. Butler occupied the city, and the firemen returned to their duty, being granted special privileges by the military commander.
AVith the return of peace, an attempt was made to get rid of the volunteer system, which had been abolished in New York and most of the other cities where it had prevailed. An ordinance was passed in 1881, establishing a paid department and creating a board of fire control, but was vetoed by the mayor. The board of control was created, however, in 1886; and in 1880, when the contract between the city and the volunteer fire department of the sixth municipal district expired, the city took advanage of the opportunity to establish a pay system in the sixth district. This was followed two years afterwards, in 1891, by the refusal of the council to renew its contract with the volunteer fire department, which expired that year, and decided on the establishment of the pay system for New Orleans. It had taken the city much longer to get to a pay system than most of the larger town of America, because of the success and prosperity of the Firemen's Charitable Association, and its great political strength; for its members had exercised the greatest influence on the community, and had filled high positions, as mayors, and even as governor.
The new paid fire department cost rather more than the volunteer service. The city had, moreover, to buy back the engines and apparatus from the Firemen's Charitable Association, just as that association had bought its apparatus from the city in 1855.
There has been practically no change in the system since the organization of the paid fire department, bej'ond the continued improvement by the purchase of better engines and such other apparatus as were needed. The deparbment is under the active management of a chief and two assistants; but the board of control and the lighting and fire committee of the council have control over it, make the purchases, employ the men and try them for any breach of the rules, prepare all rules and I'egulations, etc. The department is imder civil-service rules, and can no longer take the active part in politics, for which the volunteer firemen were noted of old. The chief, as well as most of the men, were taken from the old volunteer force, but naturally it was very materially reduced from what it had been in volunteer dayg. In consequence of this reduction the de-
partment labored under many disadvantages during the earlier days of its service, when fighting large fires; but there has been steady improvement ever since, and the dej^artment is to-day the equal of that in cities where the cost is from fifty to 100 per cent. more.
The several chiefs of the fire department of New Orleans have been as follows :
NEW OfiI.EANS firemen's CHARITABLE ASSOCIATION.
First, Second Third and Fourth Districts: 1855, James Wingfield ; 1S5G, Alfred Belanger; 1858, John F. Gruber; 1861, David Bradbury; 18G4, Alfred Belanger; 1866, Jacob Seidner; 1868, Philip McCabe; 1869, Tom. O'Connor.
Fifth District (Algiers): 1859, W. Brodtman; 1870, T. H. Jones; 1873, M. Iver; 1875, W. Brodtman; 1877, T. Daly.
Sixth District (Jefferson): 1869, John A. Meyer.
Seventh District (Carrollton) : Fred Fischer, Philip Mitchell, John Pfeiffer, George Geier, Jolm Dahmer.
The fire department of Xew Orleans in 1900 has 27 steam-engines, 12 chemical engines, 7 hook-and-ladder trucks, 1 water-tower, 144 horses, 4 captains, 44 lieutenants and 207 firemen.
New Orleans was the fourth city in the Union to introduce the fire-alarm telegraph. This it did in 1860, adopting the Gamewell system. Thirty seconds was sufficient to get the alarm from the alarm boxes to the engine-houses. Improvements have been made in this service, also, from time to time.
DRAINAGE AND SEWAGE.
The most imjjortant municipal jaroblem, which New Orleans has had to face —far more important than police and the extinguishment of fires—was that of sewerage and drainage. Lying, as the city does, below the level of the river, this was a most difficult matter; and it took nearly two centuries before it was satisfactorily solved. As early as 1723, Governor Perier had found it necessary to construct a levee in front of the city to prevent its overflow from the Mississippi. The drainage, however, was not touched, and remained as bad as ever. Some attempt at drainage was made by Governor Vaudreuil, without much success. Governor Carondelet, under the Spanish regime, did better. The completion of the Cai'ondelet canal to Bayou St. John, drained the greater part of the city and left it in better condition than it been before.
When, however, tlie city spread beyond the wall, the newer sections were poorly provided with drainage, and were often subject to overflow from excessive rain-falL The new canal, completed in 1837, gave some relief, and the Melpomene Canal, excavated abont the same time, also benefited the upper portion of the city.
This work, however, was only piecemeal. In 1857 a plan for the drainage fo the city was submitted by the city surveyor, Louis H. Pilie, and the legislature made a small appropriation for a topographical survey of the city. Laws were passed in 1858,1859 and 1861 relative to the drainage of the city, but nothing of any moment was accomplished. In 1871-3 Mr. Bell, the city surveyor, prepared a plan for the drainage of New Orleans. A contract was made with the Mexican Ship Island Canal Company for the excavation of certain drainage canals. Considerable work was done, and for the first time the city got something practical and efiicient in the way of drainage. The plan, however, was never completed, and the work was dropped again until 1892, when a topographical survey was made of the city, and an advisory drainage board was created for the purpose of suggesting a plan of drainage for the city, based upon the conditions developed by the topographical survey, the rain-fall and similar data.
A plan was prepared in 1895, submitted to the council and approved by it, and the money derived from the sale of street railroad franchises was set aside for the construction of this drainage system. In 1896 the legislature created a drainage board to carry through the plan of improvement, consisting of two members of the Orleans Levee Board and ex officio, the mayor and the chairmen of the council committees on finance, budget and water and drainage.
Actual work in the excavation of canals and the installation of the pumping machinery was begun in 1898, and the new drainage system was put into practical o2)eration in March, 1900.
The success attained in this drainage work and the discovery that the cost of excavations was much less than it was supposed to be, led the city to undertake the work of sewage. Believing the cost of establishing a sewerage plant to be greater than the finances of the city would allow, the council had, in 1893, given a private company the right to lay sewers and to charge for connection with them. This private corporation, after expending a very large sum of money, failed; Avhereupon the city imdertook the work itself. As it was without available funds for so great an undertaking, it was proposed that a special tax of two and one-half mills, to run for forty-two years, be levied for the purpose of pro-
o
viding the necessary funds for sewerage, drainage and a system of municipal water-works. Under the constitution of Louisiana, the voting of a special tax for public improvements requires a number of formalities and must be submitted to a special election, in which only the tax payers participate. This election was hckl in 1S90, and the proposed tax voted by an overwhelming majority. The tax payers voted at the same time on the question, whether the district commissioners, to whom the work of providing for the sewerage, drainage and water system should be elected by popular vote or appointed by the mayor, and decided by a large majority in favor of the appointive system, as ojjposed to the elective one. The result of this election was approved by the state legislature, at an extra session, held in 1899, this being necessary to provide for the bonds based on the tax, and from which the funds for sewerage, drainage and water-works are to come. Under these several ordinances, acts and constitutional amendments, a water and sewerage board was created, composed of the seven district commissioners ajjpointed by the mayor and members of the drainage and Levee boards and board of liquidation, having free control over all matters affecting the establishment of a drainage and water system of New Orleans.
WATER-WOKKS.
In 1810, an attempt to establish water-works was made by one Louis Gleises. The new water-works were of a most primitive character. The pipes were hollowed out of cypress logs, and the supply of water was obtained from the river by slave labor, that is, a number of slaves pumped the water into a large reservoir, from which it was distributed through the hollow logs to such citizens as had subscribed. Necessarily, very few j)ersons got their water supply in this way, a majority of them depending upon cisterns or wells.
In 1819, the New Orleans Water-Works Company was incorporated by the Legislature, with a capital of $120,000. The board met on December 19, with eleven directors, nine elected by the stockholders and two appointed by the mayor. Nothing, however, of any moment was done by this company.
In 1833, the Commercial Bank was established, with a capital of $3,000,-000, its purpose being to establish water-works in New Orleans. The charter was to nm for thirty-five years, at the end of which time the city was authorized to pnrchase the works. The company was to furnish the city with water free of expense and with all the water it needed for the extinguishment of fires and
for other public piirjwses. The new company did not fulfill all its obligations, and in 1848 an act of the Legislature had to be passed compelling it to do so, requiring it to keep all hydrants ofx^n, free of charge, for the purpose of washing the streets and gutters under a penalty of a forfeiture of its charter unless the company accepted the terms proposed by the State.
On the expiration of the charter of the company in 18G9, the city utilized its right to buy in the water-works, issuing, for that purpose, bonds to the amount of the appraised value of the works, $1,300,000. The city then operated the works until 1877, but so badly that it was on defaiilt in the interest on its water-works bonds, as well as on the rest of its funded debt. It was thought best to surrender control and let the water-works pass into the hands of a private company. This was effected under an act of the Legislature of March 3, 1877, the bonds issued in 1860 for the purchase of the works being given in exchange for stock in the new company. Under this act, the I^ew Orleans Water-Works Company was given a monopoly of the supply of water from the Mississippi River for fifty years.
The Algiers Water-Works and Electric Company was organized in 1895, and the mains were completed the following year. This company supplies the entire fifth municijial district of Xew Orleans with water, as well as illuminates it.
LIGHTING.
Under the early French and Spanish dominion no attempt whatever was made to light Xew Orleans, but all persons in the streets at night were required to carry lanterns to prevent collisions and accidents.
The first city lighting was done in 1792, when Governor Carondelet established eighty street lamps. In 1824, the American theater was lighted with gas by its owner, Mr. James Caldwell, this being the first time that gas was seen in l^lew Orleans. Encouraged by his success, Mr. Caldwell, in 1834, organized the Kew Orleans Gas Light and Banking Company, with a capital of $300,000, which was subsequently increased to $600,000. The charter gave the city the right to pnrchase the works at the end of forty years. When the charter expired, in 1875, a consolidation was effected with a new company which had secured a charter from the Legislature and which was known as the Crescent City Company. This last charter was for fifty years, extending until 1925.
The illumination of the streets was by gas until 1887, when a contract was
made for lighting by electricty for the first, second, third and fourth municipal districts. On the expiration of the contract with the Jefferson City Gas Light Company in 1899, the sixth and seventh mimicipal districts were illimiinated by electricity instead of by gas as formerly; and the city in 1900 used electricity wholly.
MAYORS OF NEW ORLEANS.
180-1—Etienne de Bore, appointed; Pierre Petit, pro tern; James Pitot (city incorporated).
1806—John Watkins.
1807—Joseph Mather.
1812—Nicholas Girod.
1815—Angustin Macarty.
1820—J. Eoffignac.
1828—Denis Prieur.
1838—C. Genois.
1840—William Freret.
1844—E. Montagut.
1846—A. D. Grossman.
1854—John L. Lewis.
1856—Charles M. Waterman.
1858—Gerard Stith.
1860—John T. Monroe.
1862—May, G. F. She^jley, acting military mayor; JiUy, G. Weitzel; August, Jonas H. French; September, H. C. Deming; ]S"ovember, James F. Miller.
1864—July, Stephen Hoyt.
1865—May, S. M. Quincy; November, H. Kennedy.
(All those serving from 1862 to 1865 were military.)
1866—April, John T. Monroe; December, E. Heath, acting military mayor; J. R. Conway.
1868—B. F. Flanders.
1872—Louis A. Wiltz.
1876—Charles J. Leeds.
1878—Joseph A. Shakespeare.
1882—Wiliam J. Behan.
1884—1. Valsin Guillotte.
1888—Joseph A. Shakespeare.
1900—Paul Capdevielle.
1892—John Fitzpatrick.
1896—Walter C. Flower.
CHAPTER V.
MILITARY.
By Elt.a Rightor.
THE military history of New Orleans, as ti'eated in this chapter, begins with the time of American occupancy in Louisiana. Such scattered facts and
events as may be gathered by the historian concerning the Spanish and French possession are referred to in other portions of this work.
Under the Territorial government the first danger that came to threaten Louisiana, and to call out what military resources she possessed, was the conspiracy of Aaron Burr. A certain cloud of mystery hangs over this strange man, who, with great military talents and some statesmanlike qualities, united the most unscrupulous dishonesty, ruthless ambition, and treachery to his country. Although the charges have never been proved, it is accepted as a historical fact that after his retirement from the vice-presidency, and after the fatal duel in which Hamilton was killed and his slayer's prestige forever lost. Burr meditated, and endeavored to organize an expedition against Mexico, with the object in view of forming a "Southwestern Empire," in which several of the southwestern States were to he included. It was a scheme worthy of a Napoleon, and, in the hands of a great genivis, would have l>een successful. True, the arch conspirator did not pi'ove himself a Napoleon, but in 1806 there was a possibility of his doing so. He had already won a certain reno^\^l, and the eyes of statesmen, soldiers and public officials were anxiously fixed upon this desperate man, in whose game of empires and armies all might be lost or won.
In New Orleans excitement reached a high pitch, for it was believed that the southern city would be made the basis of operations against Mexico, and that the first attack of the traitor would be made with this end in view. Moreover, the population of New Orleans was then of a mixed character. At the close of the Spanish dominion emigrants had surged into it from all parts of the country. The French, the Spanish, the German, the American elements feared and distrusted each other. The administration of Claiborne (1803-1807) was
fraught with dangers and difhcnltics, and the stanch, brave, loyal governor showed liis metal by overcoming them all.
It is supposed that Andrew Jackson himself was deceived at first by Burr's plans. The entanglement of Blennerhassett, who lost wealth and repiitation in an infamous cause, is well known. But the wily General Wilkinson, when overtures were made to him by the conspirators, became suspicious at once, and lost no time in communicating his suspicions to others.
The eager spirit of Claiborne was immediately aroused when the facts of the conspiracy were communicated to him; and he did everything in his jxjwer to prepare a gallant defense. His letters at this period, jjarticularly those to the Secretary of State, glow with patriotic fervor. At the same time, it is evident that he was greatly distressed with doubts as to the efficiency and loyalty of his soldiers. Amid disheartened reports, we find, however, sanguine expressions of renewed hope and confidence. For instance, after a muster held on the 17th of October, 1806, he writes: " At a muster this morning of Ist, 2nd and 4th Regiments, every officer, non-commissioned officer and private present made a voluntary tender of their services;" and later: " I cannot, however, but chei'^ ish a hope that the battalion of New Orleans Volunteers, will in any event, be faithful."
The Orleans Rangers and the New Orleans Volunteers were military companies existing in New Orleans at the earliest time of of the United States' occupancy.
The events in connection with New Orleans during the so-called raid of Aaron Burr were as follows:
Friday, October 17, 18'06. Muster of 1st, 2nd and 4th Regiments of Militia held by the order of Governor Claiborne at the Place Gravier (in the suburbs of the city), Lewis Iverr being Colonel of one of these regiments and Major of the Brigade, L. Doerillier aide-de-camp of the Brigade. At this muster all white men capable of bearing arms were ordered to be present.
October 8. (Gayarre) Claiborne informs the Secretary of War that the number of militia from the frontier counties was 500, and that 100 regulars with military stores would set out for General Wilkinson in a few days.
November 5. (Martin) Wilkinson, having arranged matters with the Spaniards, and being assured that the camp on the Sabine would be at once broken up, proceeds on his march to Naciiitoches. Sends an emissary to New Orleans for the purpose of fortifying the city, getting ready arms and ammuni-
tioii and mounting "six or eight battering cannons on Fort St. Charles and Fort St. Louis, below and above the city, and along its front, flanks and rear." Wilkinson proceeds to 'New Orleans, stopping at j^atchez to make application for 500 men of the Mississippi Militia. No reason for this being given, the request is refused.
JSTovember 15. Wilkinson sends an envoy to Mexico to warn that country of Burr's conspiracy, and (secretly) to discover its military resources.
December 4. C'laiborne writes to the Secretary of State: " When troops from Natchez and Mobile have arrived, there will be in Sew Orleans about 800, including oflncers. The Orleans Volunteers may muster 180 men, but it is impossible for me to say on what portion of the militia I can rely. Captain Shaw of the Navy has imder his command, on the New Orleans station, two bomb-ketches and four giniboats, etc. All have been ordered to New Orleans."
December 8. Clailwrne writes to Wilkinson: " The Battalion of Orleans Volunteers, which consists of from 150 to 180 men, and a small detachment of militia cavalry, will be ordered into immediate service." To the Secretary of State: " If, however, I should learn that tlie Associates had actually set out in force, I shall pursue such measures as may be required to man the little fleet on the river—whose co-operation the General deems necessary." Whicli suggestion as to naval defenses brings us to:
December 9. An important meeting of the merchants of New Orleans, held at the Government House, and convened by the Governor, to discuss ways and means of assisting Commander John Shaw in defending the Mississippi, for it was by this river that, according to popular belief, the approach of Burr would be made. At this meeting both Claiborne and Wilkinson spoke, exposing the infamy of Burr, exciting the people to patriotism, and considering earnestly the best plans for obtaining seamen and arming the gunboats. After Claiborne had held a private conference with Colonels Bellechasse, D'Orsiere and MJcCarty, he ordered the New Orleans Volunteers to be ready at a moment's
notice.
At this meeting: " Tt was unanimously agreed that a general and immediate embargo of the shipping in port be recommended to his Excellency, as the best means of obtaining the desired object (t. e., the naval defense of the city)." —(Executive Journal, Volume I.) (This plan was apjiroved by the Governor, and the embargo went into eifect until December 31.)
About this time, in a letter to the Secretary of State, Claiborne states that he has spent $111.87;i on tlie troops.
December 14, 180(i. Dr. Erlck Bollman, of xfew Orleans, arrested by the order of Wilkinson, on the charge of being implicated in the conspiracy of Burr. About the same time, Peter Ogden and Mr. Swartwout were also arrested. General Wilkinson was somewhat of an autocrat, and constantly petitioned Claiborne to declare martial law. This Claiborne refused to do, though he upheld the General in most of his actions, and exhorted obedience to his commands. When, in Dr. Bollman's case, an order for a habeas corpus ad subjiciendum was issued and sent to Wilkinson, the General answered it in rather a high-handed manner, stating that ho took upon himself the arrest of Bollman, explaining his reasons for so doing, and declaring that he would pursue a like course with all traitors. Claiborne was firm in refusing to suspend the habeas corpus, and in a letter to the Secretary of State December 17th announced that he would not do so, nor declare martial law. In a letter to Wilkinson on the 25th of December ho speaks approvingly of Bollman's arrest, but says he should have been given up at instance of the court.
General Wilkinson in court produced incriminating evidence against Bollman ; among other things, a copy of a letter in cipher from Burr to the prisoner. Other citizens, being implicated, were arrested. Edward Livingston, James Alexander, Colonel Lewis Kerr and Judge Workman, who was suspected because of his zeal in issuing writs of habeas corpus.
Bollman, Alexander and Swartwout were taken to Washington for trial, but all the prisoners were eventually discharged, and a long controversy followed between Workman and Claiborne concerning the authority of W^ilkinson. The general, by his severity and love of power, rendered himself very unpopular.
December 15 Claiborne sends an order to Captain Shaw that the Ketch Etna should ascend the Mississippi with all possible dispatch, and in conjunction M'ith the gim boats Nos. 13 and 14 oppose by force the descent of any armed and unauthorized body of men. According to General Wilkinson, Colonel Burr was to arrive at Natchez December 20 with 2,000 men.
December 29 Claiborne writes to General Wilkinson: "When these arras [certain gims and muskets which had been collected] are distributed I shall have in this city and its vicinity (indej>endent of the volunteer corps) 900 men completely armed, and shall, after Sunday next, be able to call them into actual service upon very short notice." About this time the governor issued an order for all boats in passing the fort of Baton Rouge to show respect to the flag of Spain.
Information now reached Xew Orleans to the effect that all the marines in Washington had been ordered to this city, and that shortly Aaron Burr would be afloat with his flotilla.
Tuesday, December 30, Colonel and Adjutant-General Henry Hopkins issued an order to the effect that the governor would review the First, Second and part of the Fourth (included in the Fauxbourg Ste. Marie) Regiments of militia on Sunday, January 4, 1807, at 10 o'clock. Colonel D'Orsiere was then in command, in place of Colonel Bellechasse, who was indisposed.
December 31. The Ketch Vesuvius is ready to ascend the river.
January 2, 1807. Claiborne removes the Battalion of Orleans Volunteers and Orleans Troops of Horse from Wilkinson's command.
January 6. General Wilkinson states that he has good authority for believing that Burr had only about 6,000 men under him, and that he would with 2,000 precede the rest of his force to N^atchez. On the same day is published a statement of the strength of the militia of the territory, which was 5,58-4, including general staff, infantry and cavalry.
l^ews being received in this city that Burr had left Nashville, Tenn., with two boats, and would join the rest of his flotilla at the Cumberland river, Shaw was immediately ordered to destroy whichever vessels of the conspirators might make their appearance.
A few brief and quickly marching events now bring us to the close of this episode in New Orleans history.
January 12 a body of sixty men were stationed at Xatchez to examine into the character and purpose of all passing vessels.
January 14 General Adair arrived from Tennessee, and reported that he had left Burr at Nashville on December 22, about to leave with two flat boats for New Orleans. This aroused indignation and suspicion. Adair that very day was dragged from dinner at his hotel, and taken to a place of confinement by 120 men under Lieutenant-Colonel Kingston and one of Wilkinson's aids.
The New Orleans volunteers and part of the regular troops then paraded the city, arresting Kerr, Workman and Bradford. Bradford was, however, instantly released, and on the following day a writ of habeas corpus was issued in favor of Kerr and Workman. Adair was secretly hurried away. (Martin.)
On the 15th Burr actually arrived at Natchez, and expressed his willingness to submit to proper authorities, represented by the Honorable Cowles !Mead, acting-governor of Mississippi. Burr was placed imder bonds to the amount
of $10,000 to appear before the Supreme Court, but he made his escape, and. despite a reward of $2,000 offered for his apprehension, made his way witli "an active, well mounted party of men" to Washington.
Though Aaron Burr was finally arrested and brought to trial, he was acquitted with the verdict "not proven." His life, however, was ruined, his hopes blasted, his pride crushed ; a fitting end for a traitor, whose discharge from the courts of law will never exonerate him in the pages of the just and careful historian.
Thus terminated the famous Burr affair in K^ew Orleans, for their part in which General Wilkinson and Governor Claiborne were publicly thanked March 27, 1807, in addresses, to which they made fitting response.
While the foregoing events may seem trivial and their details unnecessary, they were of great importance in the evolution of New Orleans as a city of the United States. Her mettle was tried, her patriotism proved, her pulse felt, and in this manner preparation made for a great conflict, towards which, even then, events were slowly tending, and which was to prove, beyond doubt, the fidelity of our city and the valor of its inhabitants.
It may be as well to speak briefly of the fact that in April, 1809, General Wilkinson arrived in New Orleans with a number of United States troops, in the collecting of which he had been authorized by the Secretary of War, a conflict with Great Britain seeming ar that time imminent and imi>ending. These troops were quartered in the iinhealthy lands of Terre aux Boeufs, about eight miles below the city, and in a few months 795 had perished out of 1,953. This fact, with other causes, rendered Wilkinson very impopnlar, and in December iic was succeeded by General Wade Hampton, father of the famous Southern soldier.
We will pass over the revolt of Bayou Sara in 1810 against the Spaniards, and the various events that, April 30, 1812, made Louisiana a state, with the faithful Claiborne still at her head as governor. We now come to the War of 1812, in which Xcw Orleans played so important a part, that its causes must be briefly mentioned, although they belong to the history of the United States. In order, however, that events may be seen in their proper perspective, some mention must be made of affairs which shook the whole country, and filled with anxiety and eager longings the inhabitants of iN^ew Orleans.
The arrogance of England, and the t 1 iin|)ertincnce of her attitude.
toward tile United States, were enouiili In justify a declaration of war on the
part of Jefferson, who was president in 1808. England and France were then at war, and the former, by her "orders of council," forbade any traffic of America with the latter, or with any of the French dependencies.
This gave Great Britain boundless liberties in examining our ships and seizing our seamen, under the pretense of searching for British deserters. France, by her retaliatory measures, the Berlin and Milan decrees made matters worse, and Jefferson's famous embargo act was the last straw vipon the back of crippled American commerce. True, this act of Jefferson's was repealed just before the inauguration of Madison; but, though America showed great patience under her afflictions, and was indeed averse to war at that particular time, it became unavoidable, and on June 18, 1812, was declared by act of Parliament, the motion being carried by a vote of 79 to 49 in the House of Representatives, and by 19 to 13 in the Senate, and the peace-loving president signified bis approval of the act.
For the first year or two of the war but little active part was taken by New Orleans, though on the 15th of July, 1812, Brigadier-General Wilkinson assumed command, and a steamboat was sent down to Fort St. Philip for the purpose of reconnoitering. It returned September 2 without having seen a sign of the enemy. By the 20th of December six uniformed companies of militia were ready for action in the city, and on that day the Seventh U. S. Infantry, which had been quartered at Pass Christian, marched into town under Major Gibson. January 6, 181.3, the Third U. S. Infantry, under Colonel Constant, arrived. The Orleans Guards, Captain Reynolds, and Louisiana Blues were ready for action, also.
On January 12,1813, the ship Jane, from Greenock, Scotland (twelve men and twelve guns), the first really valuable prize of this port, was taken by the privateer schooner Spy, and brought to New Orleans.
It was in 1814 that events began to crowd thick and fast. Colonel JSTicholls, the British commander, then at Pensacola, Florida, sent emissaries and proclamations endeavoring to incite the Louisianians to revolt, promising to restore them to Spain, holding out tempting offers, threatening, entreating, commanding. All this was received with contempt by those to whom it was addressed, who, while they might distrust each other, remained universally faithful to their country. The Creoles then, as always, were loyal patriots and brave soldiers, and even those of Spanish descent did not love the British siifficiently to yield to them. However, the knowledge of Nicholls' manauvers caused great anxiety
^
136 STANDARD HISTORY OF NEW ORLEANS.
in the city, and, being I'eported to the government by Claiborne, caused active measures to be taken; and the news soon came that volunteer troops would be sent from Kentucky and Tennessee, and that Andrew Jackson, the most famous officer in the American army, would take command. (Dimitry.)
The citizens of I^ew Orleans, thinking it time to do something toward the defense of their city, held a meeting September 15 (1814) at Tremoulet's coffee house, Edward Livingston, a true patriot and brilliant orator, presiding, while ^d^!^:?:^:^ Richard Relf acted as secretary. A committee of nine men, as follows, was ap-
ointed to coojjerate with the government for the safety of the state: Edward Livingston, Pierre Foucher, Dusan de Jia Croix, Benjamin, George M. Ogden, Dominique Bouligny, J. Noel Destrehan, John Blanque and August in Macarty.
During the meeting the charge of disaffection toward the government, made by the British, was indignantly denied, and on the 2-ith of the month the committee published a fine address written by Livingston, which did much to excite the patriotism of the city. But when Legislature assembled N'ovember lOtii little was done, the mutual distrust and lack of confidence crippling the entire body, and six weeks after it convened we find Louis Louaillier, chairman of the committee of ways and means, complaining that "No proof appears of patriotism, but in a disposition to avoid all expense, all fatigue." In fact, suspicion and hesitation and confusion ruled the city until the arrival of General Jackson December 2, 1814, when order and confidence were restored, proving how much the personality of a great man can do. Even the dread of England, which had humbled "the mighty Napoleon," failed to benumb and paralyze the efforts of our brave New Orleanians toward the defense of their country.
There is a little story told to the effect that the old housekeeper of J. Kilty Smith, at whose home on the Bayou St. John Jackson was received, was much disappointed when she saw, instead of an imposing looking general, "an ugly old Kaintuck flat boatman." But whatever his appearance, Jackson was a military genius, and his power was felt from the moment of his arriving in New Orleans.
An interesting episode previous to these events was the expedition against the Baratarian smugglers (by some called pirates), who, with their brave leaders, Pierre and John Lafitte, occupied the Island of Grand Terre. On his arrival the indefatigable Colonel Nicholls had made overtures to this band, offering John Lafitte $30,000 and a captaincy in the British army. This offer was re-
fused; and Lafittc iiistoad proffered his services to Governor ClaiUorne. The governor, acting on the advice of the oiRcers of the army, militia and navy, refused this offer, and instead sent an expedition, which captured the Baratarian stronghold in September, 1814. Jackson, however, accepted the services of the Lafittes and the Baratarians, who fought so well that they received the general's thanks and a full pardon at the close of the war.
The trooj^s at this time in Xew Orleans did not present a very formidable appearance; in the seventh and forty-fourth regiments of the United States between seven and eight hundred men; Major Blanche's battalion of volunteers, 500; two regiments of state militia, containing about 1,000, besides 150 sailors and marines, and a battalion of free colored men, making in all an aggregate of 2,000. On the river were two men-of-war, the ship Louisiana and the schooner Carolina, but neither was in a state of preparation. When, on December I'Jth, General Carroll had arrived with 2,500 Tennesseeans, and on the 20th General Coffee with 1,200 riflemen from the same state, the forces amounted to between six and seven thousand men, including United States regulars, Louisiana volunteers and militia and the Tennesseeans. Those old enough to be exempted from duty had joined in companies of veterans, formed to preserve order. The people were by this tim,e aflame with zeal, and were working tooth and nail for the preservation of their city.
On the 18th of December Jackson reviewed all troops in i^ew Orleans, and a fine address was read by Edward Livingston to the embodied militia, to the battalion of uniform companies and to the men of color. The following is a brief extract:
" Xatives of the United States: They are the oppressors of your infant political existence with whom you have to contend! They are the men your fathers conquered whom you are to oppose. Descendants of Frenchmen! Natives of France! They are English, the hereditary, the eternal enemies of your ancient coiuitry, the invaders of that country you have adopted, who are your foes I Spaniards! Remember the conduct of your allies at St. Sebastian and recently at Pensacola, and rejoice that you have an opportunity of avenging the brutal injuries inflicted by men who dishonor the human race."
Major-General Villere of the state militia with 600 men reached the city on the 29th.
Later (early in January) General Thomas and General Adair, with k',000 poorly equipped Kentuckians, joined our forces. So ragged and miserable were
these men, and also some of the Tennesseeans, that on the suggestion of Louail-lier an appropriation of $6,000 was made for their relief. This was swelled from other sources to $16,000, and the ladies of New Orleans made up the material purchased into wearing apparel, which in about a week was distributed and put to iise. We are, however, anticipating events, for an affair of much importance took place about the 12th of December. This was the Battle of Lake Borgne.
In November the magnificent fleet of the British, at least fifty armed vessels, was sighted off Pensaeola. The largest was the Tonnant, an eighty-g-un boat, won by Nelson at the battle of the Nile, and commanded by the dreaded Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane. Among the ships M'ere five of seventy-four guns, one of fifty, one of forty-four, several of thirty-eight, one of thirty-six, one of thirty-five, several of thirty-two, five of sixteen guns, three bomb crafts, eleven transports and various other vessels; in all, about 1,000 giuis, 10,000 sailors and the army of 7,500. The entire British expedition against Louisiana amounted to 14,450, in three divisions, General Sir Edward Packcnham being commander in chief. General Gibbs commanding the first division. General Lambert the second. General Keane the third. The fleet was under Admirals Cochrane, Codrington and Malcolm. The British fleet reached the entrance to Lake Borgne December 10, 1814, and light draft vessels with troops immediately entered that body of water. A little American flotilla of five gun-boats, 182 men and twenty-three guns, \mder Commander Thomas A. Jones, was then recon-noitering in Lake Borgne. Pursued by the enemy (forty-three barges, with as many cannon and 1,200 men, under Captain Lockyer), and prevented by the winds from escaping, the little flotilla stood at bay, near the Rigolets, and after a gallant fight both Jones and Parker, who took his place, being severely wounded, was compelled to surrender to the enemy. The American loss was ten men killed, forty-five wounded; of the British nearly 300 were killed and wounded. This battle left New Orleans defenseless, and the enemy master of the lakes.
Jackson had been indefatigable in measures for tJie defense of New Orleans. He had visited the forts and had them strengthened, and others estab-lished. He had had Bayou Manchac and other outlets leading from the Mississippi to the lakes, closed; and after the battle of the 12th had sent Major Lacoste with the dragoons of Felicina, and the battalion of colored men to the rear of the city. Another "colored" battalion was formed, chiefly of refugees
from St. Domingo, and placed under the command of Major Daquin. Seventeen thousand dollars ■was given to Jackson to use in such fortifications and batteries as he might deem necessary, and $11,000 more was afterward given him for the same purpose. Hands were asked of the planters to assist in building, and were supplied in great numbers. Debts were forgiven, inducements held out to volunteers, the writ of habeas corpus was suspended, and strict martial law declared. The people did everything in their power to assist. Special mention should be made of the fact that the French subjects, instead of taking shelter in their nationality, eagerly volunteered their services, being urged to do so by the French consul, the Chevalier de Tousac.
On the night of December 21, a detachment of the British army (which had landed at Pine Island), reached Villere's Canal, through the Bayou Bienvenu (it is thought, owing to the treachery of some Spanish fisherman). On their way they captured a little band of nine Americans, stationed as an outpost on the Bayou de Catiline. On the 23rd, a force of about 3,000 British troops surrounded Villere's plantation, in which was a company of militia, and took them all prisoners. Yoimg Major Villere, however, made his escape, and, having killed his favorite dog to avoid detection on the road, reached the city about two o'clock, in time to warn General Jackson of the enemy's approach. Jackson hastened to station his men in v^hat he thought the best manner; a detachment of artillery, with two field pieces and a body of marines being sent in advance; the Tennessee riflemen, Mississippi dragoons and Orleans riflemen, to a plantation two miles below the city, followed by the battalion of negroes, 44th regiment, and a battalion of the city militia. Claiborne and two regiments of the state militia imdertook to guard the Gentilly Road in case of a possible approach from Chef Menteur. The Carolina, under Commodore Patterson, was sent toward the enemy.
Jackson, in this emergency, acted with great promptitude and energy. The same quickness and activity on the part of the British might have made Xew Orleans theirs. But they delayed, and when at lialf-past seven, Jackson and his troops having reached the Villere plantation, the Carolina fired a terrific broadside in among the British, they were fairly dazed for a moment, and a hundred of them were slain before they had grasped the situation. Most of them, in fact, were engaged in preparing supjier.
When ready for battle, Jackson's left wing was drawn up in line between Lacoste's and Laronde's plantations. The seventli and forty-fourth regiments
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140 STANDARD HISTORY OF NEW ORLEANS.
formed a battalion before the enemy, and soon commenced fire. To the right ■were Planche's and D'Aquin's battalions, and toward the wood, eighteen Choctaw Indians, commanded by Captains Jugeaut and Allard. To Colonel Eoss was given superior command of the battalions of militia. Coffee's division came later, to fall on the rear of the enemy, and 350 of the state militia, stationed at English Turn, imder Captain Morgan, advanced to assist, upon hearing the guns, but, not being able to find their way in the darkness, retreated. The artillery occupied the high road.
The Br +ish boats were, meanwhile, busily landing reinforcements to the number of 2,500 men, the 21st, 44th and 93rd regiments, and a division of artillery. The Isr regi:>ient was stationed at an angle of the road. Other troops were stationed on the sides of the levee; outposts were between Laronde's and La Coste's plantations, and among the negro huts of the latter place. A detachment of the rocket brigadb was placed behind the levee, and a few cannon near Villere's sugar works. In all, there were 4,500 of the enemy; less than 2,200 of our men. The battle that followed Jackson's command, "Now, boys, give it to them for the honor of America," was full of confusion in the darkness. At one time, some of Pla^iclie's men took the 44th for British troops, and commenced firing on them. But, though nothrag was really gained, neither side being victorious, the British loss was over 400, killed, wounded and prisoners; ours, 24 killed, 115 wounded and 75 prisoners. This is on Engineer Latour's authority.
Meanwhile, in the city, great anxiety was felt, owing to a report that Jackson had given orders to blow up the powder magazine and set fire to the houses if the enemy were successful; and also that the British were inciting the slaves to rebellion. Confidence in the General, however, returned with the morning.
After the battle of the 23rd, Jackson complimented: " The 7th, led by MajorPwie, and the 44th, by Colonel Boss; the battalion of city militia imder :Major Blanche, who behaved like veterans; Savary's brave colored men; the city riflemen, and Colonels Butler and Piatt, Major Chotard, Colonel Haynes, Messrs. Livingston, Duplessis and Davezac, Colonel de Laronde, Major Villere of the Louisiana Militia, Major Latour of the engineers, and Drs. Kerr and
Elood."
Jackson decided at daybreak to retire to his position behind Rodriguez Canal, in reality an old mill-race, partly filled and covered with grass.
On the 27th the British, by hot shot, set fire to the Carolina, and after she
had been abandoned by the crew, her powder magazine blew np. On the 28th, their artillery played on the Louisiana, but she answered with such tremendous fire that after seven hours of cannonading, the enemy's columns were broken and forced to retire, to the great credit of the Louisiana and of Lieutenant Thompson. The British were forced to abandon several batteries which they had erected on the river the night before. Rockets were thrown all day, but while terrifying at first to the American forces, unaccustomed to such means of warfare, they did little damage to troops drawn up or behind ramparts. On the 28th we lost 7 men killed, 10 wounded, among the former Colonel Henderson of Tennessee. The British lost perhaps two or three hundred.
On the 1st, as soon as a heavy fog had lifted (about 8 a. m.), three batteries of the British opened fire on General Jackson's headquarters, but were answered so vigorously that about 1 p. it. two were abandoned. The swampy ground interfered greatly with the progress of the British.
About this time the second division of the Louisiana militia, under Major General Thomas, arrived from Baton Kouge.
The culminating battle of the war occurred on the 8th, which is to-day celebrated as a legal holiday. Jackson had intrenched his forces behind the ancient mill-race that ran, in appearance, like an old draining ditch along the Bodriguez and Chalmette plantations, five miles below the city. A parapet was raised, which on the 8th extended cannon proof as far as the woods. The levee had been broken in places, and the water allowed to flow in so as to insulate the enemy as much as possible. In making the embankment, cotton bales were tried, but did not prove cannon proof. o~^ ^'^"^^ '"^ ^^ "*■■*■" ~ ^~*- ^"^—f^^-^^--^^-*^
The American troops were stationed as follows:
On the levee road Battery No. 1, imder Captain Humphre^^s of the TJ. S. artillery; in the most elevated position, seventy feet from the river bank. Battery 2, imder Lieutenant Norris; 90 yards from No. 1, and 50 from No. 2, Battery No. 3, imder Captains Dominipa and Bluche; 20 yards from No. 3, Battery No. 4, imder Lieutenant Crawford; 170 yards from No. 4, Battery No. 5, imder Colonel Perry and Lieutenant Kerr; 36 yards from No. 5, Battery No. 6, under Lieutenant Flaujeac; 190 yards from No. 6, Battery No. 7, imder Lieutenants Spotts and Chauveau; 60 yards from No. 7, Battery No. 8, under a corporal of artillery. Blanche's Battalion was between 2 and 4; D'Aquin's colored regiment between 4 and 5.
At the bend where the woods began, in a miserable mud Ijole, General Coffee >^
^
and General Carroll, with their Tennesseeans and Kentuckians, awaited the enemy. There was a redoubt on the river, and a company of the Seventh Regiment, under Lieutenant Ross.
On the British side were regiments 4th, 44th, 21st, 85th, 93rd and 'JSth.
A thick fog enabled the enemy to approach very close, sixty or seventy deep, before they were perceived. They had repaired their abandoned batteries. When Jackson gave the sigiial, and his men three cheers, a perfect volley of artillery ensued on both sides.
On the opposite bank of the river, with batteries which Commodore Patterson had erected, was General Morgan with the Orleans contingent, the Louisiana militia and Kentucky troops.
The enemy continued to press forward for an hour in spite of the incessant fire. General Patkenham, the commander. General Gibbs and General Keane were mortally wounded, and the command fell to Lambert. It was evident after a while that the British were falling back. Colonel Rennie, the brave commander who, with a detachment, stormed the redoubt, was killed just as he leaped on the wall, and the city riflemen mowed down his men.
But as victory seemed certain on the left of Jackson's line, the right fell back. There is much excuse to be made for this, as they were in an exceedingly difficult position—in a regular swamp, faint with hunger and greatly fatigued. General Humbert with a reinforcement of 400 came to their aid; but it was not until a truce had been sought for to provide for the dead and wounded, and Lambert during its negotiation had crossed the river, that Jackson was able to retake the former excellent position of his right-hand troops.
Across the river General Morgan was attacked by the British, under Colonel Thornton, and, being taken by surprise, his men were routed. But the British did not follow up this victory, and it did not benefit them.
The day was really ours when, at 10 o'clock a. m.. General Lambert rie-quested a temporary truce that the dead and \vounded might be cared for. The actual fighting is said to have lasted only about an hour. The detachment which Lambert expected as a reinforcement failing to pass Fort St. Philip, the British commander decided to evacuate, and on the night of January 18th the enemy silently stole away, leaving, according to Dimitrv, their huts and flags, with stuffed unifomis for sentinels. Much credit is due Jackson for the fact that he did not attempt to piirsue the enemy, wisely concluding that the lives of his brave soldiers were of more account than the glory which might accrue to him from taking a number of prisoners.
The American loss during the entire campaign consisted of 55 killed, 85 wounded, 93 missing; total 238. Only 13 were killed and wounded on the 8th.
The entire British loss, according to Major-General Lambert, was as follows: Killed, 1 major-general, 1 lieutenant-colonel, 2 majors, 5 captains, 2 lieutenants, 11 sergeants, 1 drummer and 266 rank and file; wounded, 2 major-generals, 3 lieutenant-colonels, 2 majors, 18 captains, 38 lieutenants, 9 ensigns, 1 staff officer, 34 sergeants, 9 drummers and 1,126 rank and file; missing, 3 captains, 12 lieutenants, 13 sergeants, 4 drummers, 452 rank and file; in all, 289 killed, 1,242 wounded and 484 missing, an aggregate loss of 2,015.
In the brief relation of the foregoing battles I have followed rather closely the accounts of Major Latour and of Judge Martin, both of whom are careful historians and were present on the scene of action. Major Latour speaks poetically of the laurel and cypress growing in such abundance among the swamps near the scene of these events. The laurel seemed to wave for the Americans; the cypress for the brave British soldiers, who, after fighting against the famous army of N^apoleon, fell before our inexperienced militiamen.
In reality, the Battle of New Orleans was fought after the War of 1812 was at an end; for the Treaty of Ghent had been signed on the 24th of December, but the news did not reach this country till the 18th of February. It was not till March 13th that Jackson was officially notified of the conclusion of the war, and in the meantime, being determined to preserve martial law, he had become involved in controversies with the editor of the Louisiana "Gazette," whom he "muzzled" for publishing premature news of peace; with the French consul, who dispensed certificates of French citizenship to assist in evading the military rule, and whom Jackson ordered to leave the city in three days; with Louis Louiaillier, who published in the Louisiana "Courier" an article criticising these high-handed proceedings; with Judge Dominie A. Hall, who granted to Louiaillier a writ of habeas corpus; and with Mr. Hollander, who expressed disapproval of the general's actions. The three last offenders were arrested, but on the arrival of news from "Washington were released. Afterwards Jackson was fined $1,000 by the United States District Court, which fine he paid without complaint. At the close of March he left the city.
On January 23rd a solemn Thanksgiving was held in Xew Orleans. There ■was a grand procession of soldiers, and in Jackson Square, under a triumphal arch erected where his statue now stands, the great commander was crowned with laurel by a yoimg girl representing Louisiana.
Congress aftenvards passed resolutions congratulating Louisiana on her brave part in the contest with Great Britain, and extending a full pardon to the Lafittes and their gallant Baratarians.
When Texas asserted herself as a free republic; when the United States determined to adopt her into its ovni dominions; when the Alamo and Cross atrocities, and the outrageous behavior of Santa Anna, had precipitated war between this country and Mexico. Louisiana did not prove backward in assisting her neighbors. !Many reasons made this seem right and wise. One was the suspicion afloat tLat England, desiring the emancipation of slaves in the United States (for her own financial advantage), had "bought" Mexico, and would furnish that country with funds necessary for carrying on a war with the United States. Of course, anything that tended to interfere with slavery would be obnoxious to the Southern States. But this was only a rumor, though, in view of coming events, an interesting one. The real cause of the enthusiasm of New Orleans dviring the Mexican War, and her zeal in sending troops to take part in the struggle, is to be found in her SA-mpathy for Texas, her indignation against the Mexican atrocities, and the natural courage and love of adventure among her young sons. So when General Sam Houston, "president of the new republic," visited this city May 24th, 1845, and spoke in behalf of his country, he found a ready and enthusiastic response to his eloquence.
A meeting at the "Banker's Arcade," Dr. 1). Bullard, chairman, and Alexander Walker, secretary, was held April 22, 1845, at which a committee of twenty-five was appointed to form resolutions in regard to the question of Texas annexation, which resolutions were to the effect that the proposed annexation of Texas was "a great American measure," and that "the doctrine which would exclude a new territory because slavery exists in it, conveys ... an injurious imputation upon the slaveholding states already in the Union."
Texas became a part of the United States by "joint resolution," which passed Congress, and was signed by President Tyler March 1, 1845.
About this time General Edmimd P. Gaines, stationed in the vicinity of New Orleans, sent a request to Governor Mouton that he might raise in Louisiana two regiments of volunteers and two companies of artillery with eight field pieces. This reqiiest was immediately granted, and $100,000 was voted by Legislature to the assistance of Texas. It may as well be here mentioned that General Gaines had not tlie proper authority tor acting as he did; that he showed great ofiiciousness; that the matter was afterwards brought before the administration
at Washington, and that his conduct was finally excused on account of the patriotic if somewhat exaggerated, zeal he had displayed.
During August, 1845, excitement in jSTew Orleans became intense. "The war'' was a constant topic. Volunteers came forward readily. On the 19th Captain Forno's first company of volunteer artillery (100) was mustered into service of the United States. Various troops passed through the city on their Avay to the scene of action, adding to the general interest. On the 21st Major Gally's company of volunteer artillery, the cannoneers (123 in number) was mustered in. It was officered as follows: Captain, E. L. Bercier; senior first lieutenant, Thomas Trelford; junior first lieutenant, Gustave Percaux; second lieutenant, F. H. ilenriqueux.
"The ?f ative American Artillery Company" was officered by Captain Henry Forno, Senior First Lieutenant J. E. Ealer, Jimior First Lieutenant W. J. Lewis, Second Lieutenant David A. Bickel.
In I^ovember Hon. John Slidell, being appointed by the president envoy-extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Mexico, visited the capital of that country, but was refused a hearing, and returned to the United States.
In the early part of May Captain Forno and Colonel Doane opened lists for the enrolling of volunteers, and by the evening of the 2nd had secured seventy. On that evening was held a meeting of the officers of the Louisiana Legion to discuss the raising of volimteers, at which Brigadier-General Augustin presided; one by the Louisiana Volunteers, and one by the Washington Battalion, which was addressed by General Persifer Smith, so untiring in his efforts and afterwards so gallant a soldier.
Business and public meetings were also held. On the 4th a cash bounty of $10 being given each recruit, the work went on briskly, and about 1,000 men were enrolled. The citizens of New Orleans were indefatigable, and Mr. Benjamin Story placed $500,000 at the disposal of the state for use in the war.
During this month Captain Marks raised three companies and part of a fourth. Colonel Hunt two, and Colonel Langdon reported that his ranks were rapidly filling. By May 7th these companies were organized.
Clinton Guards, Captain Chase; Orleans Boys, C. F. Hunt; Company A Orleans Riflemen, Captain Head; Louisiana Grays, Captain Breedlove; German Yagers, Captain Soniat; two companies Louisiana volunteers. Captains Glenn and Stockton; Company B Orleans Invincibles, Captain White; Native Americans, Captain Stockbridge; Eclaireurs No. 1, Captain Crevon; company
of Tigers, Captain Emerson. On the 10th that fine brigade the "Louisiana Legion," offered themselves. General Lafayerte Sanders received a commission from General Gaines to raise a regiment of mounted infantry.
By May 15th, the four regiments asked for by General Taylor were organized, and contained the following numbers of men:
Colonel J. B. Walton's regiment, colonel and staff, 3; Captain Isaac F. Stockton's company, 66; Captain E. C. Stockton's company, 63; Captain J. W. Bryce's company, 61; Captain Thomas Glenn's company, 64; Captain J. B. Breedlove's company, 72; Captain George Tobin's company, 61; Captain H. B. Case's company, 82; Captain P. Soniat's company, 64; Captain J. M. Van-dergriff's company, 65; and Captain G. W. White's company, 67; total in the regiment, 668.
Colonel J. F. Marks', the Jackson regiment, colonel and staff, 11; Captain S. C. Head's company, 66; Captain C. S. Hunt's company, 75; Captain R. G. Comstoek's company, 98; Captain E. H. Fountain's company, 75; Captain Eeal's company, 100; Captain M. Willard's company, 104; Captain G. M. Graham's company, 96; Captain J. W. Keene's company, 68; Captain E. A. Stewart's company, 96; Captain Staple's company, 93; total in the regiment, 882.
Colonel James H. Dakin's regiment, colonel and staff, ; Captain A. F.
Eudler's company, 65; Captain Smith's company, 64; Captain McXemara's company, 65; Captain E. Crevon's company, 61; Captain G. S. Eosseau's company, 112 ; Captain A. G. Blanchard's company, 63 ; Captain Sewall's, 65 ; Captain Woodland's, 60; Captain Gryce's, 90; and Captain Eicardo's, 71; total in the regiment, 716.
The Montezuma regiment, colonel and staff, ; Captain Depasher's
company, 64; Captain P. Wirth's, 82; CaiDtain C. K. Johnson's 64; Captain George Doane's, 77; Captain J. F. Girault's, 63; Captain George Price's, 62; Captain Buhler's, 62 ; Captain Galbraith's, 61; Captain Ozier's, 62 ; and Captain John E. Smith's, 71; total in the regiment, exclusive of staff, 668, and in the four regiments, 2,934.
May 13th William de Buj's, late major-general, but enrolled as a private soldier, was appointed inspector-general of volunteer troops on the Eio Grande; Lewis Texada was appointed volunteer aide de camp to General Gaines.
On the I7th a fine sword was presented to General Smith by the Washington Guards.
War was announced by President Polk May 11th to have actually begun. On the 13th Congress, declaring that ''by act of the Kepublic of Mexico," such was the case, called for 50,000 volunteers.
In 'New Orleans, during the month of May, Colonel Peyton's regiment, the Taylor Guards, Orleans Blues, California Guards and various companies from the parishes of Mobile were formed, a total of about 500 men. On the 18th, in the Place d'Armes, was held a review of the Louisiana Legion, with the following companies: Orleans Guards, Captain P. Gardere, 60; Musqueteers, Captain Mondelle, 70; Catalan Guards, Captain Veosca, 63; Cazadores de Orleans, Captain Trigo, 64; Eclaireurs d'Orleans, Captain Desrargue Lambert, 70; and Major Gally's battalion of artillery (200), which alone could be mustered into United States service.
On May 19th five companies of the Fourth Eegiment left on the Mary Kingsland for Brazos St. Tago; two of Colonel Dakin's and two of Colonel Davis' on the Ondiaka. On the 22nd General de Buys was presented with a sword, and on the 24th various dissatisfied officers resigned.
On N^ovember 30th another requisition for troops was made upon Louisiana, limited to five companies of infantry of sixty-four men each, New Orleans being the place of rendezvous.
On Saturday evening. May 15, 1847, there was a grand illumination of the city: its hotels, private residences, court house and cathedral all brilliantly lighted and decorated with transparencies in honor of recent victories in Mexico. The first municipality was said to outdo the rest of the city.
]^cw Orleans was kept constantly in touch with the military spirit of the times by the pasing and repassing through her streets of United States troops, both on their way to the scene of war and returning from it. On the 11th of June the bodies of Colonel Henry M. Clay and Colonel McKee, who had been stabbed to death while wounded on the field of Buena Vista, and that of Captain Lincoln lay in state at the arsenal on St. Peter street. November 25th Generals Quitman and Shields and Colonel Harney were entertained at the St. Charles Hotel, and December 3rd a large procession formed in honor of General Taylor, on his way home from the "War."
When the Louisiana troops returned a splendid triumph was given them (July 8, 1848), 10,000 people having collected to watch them march up St. Charles to Tivoli Circle. And in the evening, at the corner of Canal and Caron-delet, a patriotic address was made them by the governor, to which Colonel de Kusey replied, and a fine collation served them at the Place d'Armes.
Some complaint was made by the local newspapers that the Louisiana troops were not given a chance to distingvTish themselves. But we should not forget the valor of General Smith, in whose brigade was Captain Blanchard's company of Louisiana volunteers, and who distinguished himself at Monterey, Contreras, Churubusco, Chapultepec and the capture of the City of Mexico; he was made brigadier-general in 1856, while Zachary Taylor himself, who became president November, 1848, had been for years a resident of this state.
It is hardly worth while to touch upon the causes of the Civil War, except in so far as is necessary to make the courage and patriotism of the Southern soldiers well understood. It was not a conflict between the oppressors of a virtuous injured race, and the noble rescuers of that race, who came, like angels from heaven, with the flaming sword of war; neither was it a struggle between pure and disinterested patriots on one side and cruel, unjust tyrants on the other. We are beginning at last to understand the virtues and failings of both Xorth and South. While slavery is an evil, its abolition a part of the world's progress, it is nevertheless a phase itself of evolution. It is the only condition possible at a certain stage of development, and the follies, atrocities and general worth-lessness of the negro evinced at certain periods since his attainment of citizenship make it very doubtful -whether he was quite ripe for freedom in 1863. Moreover, while slavery was by no means an easy or a happy state for the negro, it was better and higher than the wild savagery and cannibalism of his native Africa. Again, if the North was violent and insolent in its manner, the South showed a tendency to take tiro readily. ISTo one can deny that the war was a struggle of interests. If slavery had been as advantageous in Massachusetts or Maine as it was in Mississippi or Louisiana, all the abolitionists in the world would have been unable to shake the determination of a sagacious and not un-mercenary government, and the Southerners while defending their homes, and what they considered sacred rights, had also an eye to their pockets. The following extract may be cited from the New Orleans "Daily Crescent," January 3, 1861, in speaking of secession:
"In the results which it will accomplish it will cause our city to advance rapidly in the path of commercial greatness; it will secure this by concentrating the slave power from which nine-tenths of our wealth is derived. If a Southern Confederacy result, New Orleans must become its great emporium and mart, exporting its vast productions, and importing—which she does not do at all now —the foreign commodities for which they are exchanged. The manufactures
and mines and internal improvements of the South in their great development will have their agencies and marts in our midst. Our population will augment rapidly, hands will multiply with ample reminieration, and real estate attain a value it has never reached before. Prosperity will prevail in all channels and avenues of business, and over $200,000,000 by Northern authority, whic-h are now- expended annually by the South in Xorthern states, will from necessity be expended in our o^\ti cities and towns."
The two sentimental events that influenced the people of the Xorth, while the government was preparing its own line of conduct, the publishing of *'Uncle Tom's Cabin" and the John Brown Raid, are now acknowledged to be the work of ignorant, unreasoning fanatics, who, like children playing with matches, and absolutely indifferent to the welfare or lives of others, were ready to set fire to anything for the gratification of their own narrow and fatal desires.
But while we deny to John Brown and Harriet Beecher Stowe the martyr's crown, which so many would award them, it would be unjust not to acknowledge that they believed themselves in the right, and acted with unselfish and perhaps charitable motives. Many of the extreme abolitionists of the IvTorth were noble-minded men and women, whose views had been distorted and whose heads were somewhat turned. As for the Southerners, men and w-omen, they showed during the great conflict a courage, a cheerfulness, a patriotism, a perseverance, imsur-passed and perhaps unequalled in the military history of the world.
From the time of the annexation of Texas slavery became a vexed question. The laws concerning fugitive slaves became more and more troublesome. The acquisition of California increased the difficulty of the position. The United States increased, expanded almost daily. What should the new states be— slave-holding or free ? All these things can only be touched upon. The split in the Democratic convention held at Charleston, S. C, April 23, 1860, was the beginning of the political ruin of the South, and when the Republican party elected Abraham Lincoln in November, secession was bound to follow.
South Carolina left the Union December 20, 1860. This began tlie movement that ended with the Civil War. The people of Isew Orleans were attached to the Union, and for some time public sentiment wavered. But it was bound to turn at the end toward secession. Various meetings were held and societies formed. At a "Grand Rally for the Union," held in Lafayette Square, Tuesday, May 8, 1860, and addressed by Isaac E. Morse, Michael Hahn and Judge Riestand, the call for Union men w-as signed by 107 names, beginning
with E. W. Huntingdon and ending with Michael Hahn. This was, of course, previous to the secession of South Carolina. So was a mass meeting for state's rights four days later at Odd Fellows' Hall, the call heing signed by 600 citizens, headed by the name of W. E. Miles and ending with that of E. B. J. Stuart; a meeting at the same place May 17, presided over by J. W. Zacharie and addressed by J. Madison Day, to ratify the Citizens' ticket for mimicipal offices, Lucius W. Place being candidate for mayor and J. Milton Eelf for street commissioner; and a meeting May 30, also at Odd Fellows' Hall, in favor of John Bell for president of the United States. The call to this meeting was signed by 679 persons, and speeches were made by Mr. C. Eoselius, Hon. Eandall Himt, Mr. Jones and others.
After South Carolina's bold move it was felt that some decided measures must be taken. A meeting was held January 2 at Odd Fellows' Hall by the "Southern Eights Association," and addressed by H. D. Ogden, Lieutenant-Governor H. M. Hyams, Professor J. D. B. de Bow, A. Fabre and Captain St. Paul. The next evening the Second Ward Southern Eights Association held a large meeting at No. 9 ISTew Basin and at Drvade's Market; J. M. Eeid pre-sided over a similar meeting, at which B. S. Tappan and others made addresses. A meeting at Concert Hall by the Yoimg Men's Southern Eights Association followed, at which Colonel Lockridge and H. J. Leroy made speeches approving the action of South Carolina. The desire for secession grew stronger, and was evinced with gi-eat enthusiasm at a meeting in Odd Fellows' Hall January 4, 1861, addressed by C. M. Bradford, B. S. Tappan, C. Clinch, John Claiborne, Harry Hayes, T. J. Semmes and T. Hunter, and at another meeting at the Ninth Street Market, addressed by Judge Walker, General Miles and Dr. Austin. Finally, when, on January 7,1861, an election was held for delegates to the state convention, the results were as follows:
Co-operation. Secession.
Durant 3,918 P. E. Bouford 4,321
Hoot 3,936 F. Labotut 4,325
Roule 3,848 W. E. Adams 4,279
Dufour 3,963 T. H. Kennedy 4,320
Jonas 3,902 J. J. Michel 4,290
Members of the convention elected from the several representative districts in New Orleans were as follows:
First District, T. J. Semmes, J. N. Marks, B. S. Tappan, secession; second,
J. A. Eozier, secession, W. T. Stocker, co-operation; third, J. McCloskv, £. W. Estlin, A. H. Gladden, J. B. Slonson, secession; fourth M. O. H. Norton, secession; fifth, J. Hernandez, B. Aregno, secession; sixt!i, J. Pemberton. secession ; seventh, G. Clarke, J. Bernaiidez, co-operation; eighth, O. LeBlanc, cooperation ; ninth, P. S. Wiltz, secession ; tenth, W. K. Miles, W. M. Perkuss, A. Walker, secession.
The 8th of January. 1861, Avas ct^lebrateJ -uith great enthusiasm by all the military bodies in New Orleans^ as follows: (general Tracy's brigade, including the Washington artillery, the Louisiana Guards, Louisiana Grays, Orleans Cadets and Sarsfield Guards, Jefferson Rifles and General Palfrey's Brigade, including the Orleans Artillery, Louisiana Poot Pifles, German Yagers and several other companies.
The following day, by order of Governor Moore, the Crescent City Rifles, forty-nine men, under Captain Gladden, Washington Artillery, seventy-two men, Captain Oscar Voorhies, second compaiiy. Chasseurs a Pieds, Captain S. Meilleur, forty men, Orleans Cadets, Captain Chas. Dreux, thirty-nine men, Louisiana Guards, Captain S. M. Todd, forty-five men, and Sarsfield Guards, Captain O'Hara, in all 201 men, setting out for the United States Arsenal at Baton Rouge, captured 50,000 stands of small arms from that place, four howitzers, twenty pieces of heavy ordinance, one battery of six-pounders, one of twelve-poimders, 300 barrels of powder, and a quantity of ammunition. Col. J. B. Walton was in command of the whole expedition.
On the tenth two companies of the Orleans artillery, under Captains Gomez, V. Hebard, first company of OI;ass('ui\^ a Fieds, Captain St. Paul, Chasseurs d' Orleans (1814-15), German Yagers and Lafayette Guards, 166 men altogether were ordered by the Governor to demand the surrender of Forts St. Philip and Jackson, and hoist the Pelican flag in place of that of the United States. About this time forty other men went up to Baton Rouge, and companies were organized by Captains Fremaux and Abodie, and Lieut. Mark L. Moore, Lieutenant-Colonel John A. Jacques organized a company of 100 men. Volunteers came forward rapidly.
In the convention at Baton Rouge, Ex-Governor !Mouton presiding, the secession of Louisiana was decided upon, and January 26, 1801, went into effect. The committee of fifteen reporting was composed of Jno. Perkins, Madison, A. Dechuet, Ex-Governor, A. B. Roman, E. Sparrow, F. Gardere, L. J. Dupre, C. RoselinS; W. R. Miles, G. S. Lewis, G. Williamson, A. Talbot, T. J. Semines, A.
Provosty, W. R. Barrow and J. K. Elgee. The vote for secession was 113 to seventeen. The convention came to the City Hall, Xew Orleans, and took charge of municipal affairs, which were immediately reconstructed to suit the new condition. On this occasion the Louisiana flag was raised for the first time over the City Hall. An inventory of the Custom House and Mint, made February 11,1861, shows value to the amount of $3,420,984.15. Seven delegates were sent to the convention of southern states held at Montgomery.
On the 11th of April, 1861, four companies of about 400 men, commanded by Major C. M. Bradford, among them the Orleans Cadets, under Captain Chas. D. Dreux, left for Pensacola to join Colonel Gladden's regiment, and General Traces brigade, General Palfrey's Louisiana regiment and Major Augustin's battalion of Orleans Guards were ordered to assemble at their armories by Majoi^ General Lewis.
Company B of the Crescent Rifles was Dreux's Louisiana Batallion. Company A was officered by Captain S. W. Fisk (killed in the war). First Lieutenant, Thad. A. Smith, Second Lieutenants, N. T. N. Robinson and T. A. Fairies; Sergeants M. C. Gladden, W. E. Huger, D. D. Logan, W. M. Bridges; Corporals W. Norton, W. G. O'Regan, W. P. Clark and S. R. Garrett. Military organizations were formed rapidly. Garibaldi Rifles, second company of Louisiana Foot Rifles, Captian Cornish's Southern Cadets, Walker's Rifles, Louisiana Guards, Crescent Blues, Major Coppen's Zouaves, who owed so much to the generosity of J. W. Zacharie; later the Jefferson Light Guards, "La Turcos," Chasseurs de Bayou, Bienville Guards and Montgomery Guards. But this is somewhat anticipating matters. The fall of Fort Sumter, under General Beauregard's attack, was celebrated April the 14th by the Orleans Artillery, who fired 100 guns at Jackson Square. In April also the fourth company of Louisiana Guards, with eighty-five men, prepared themselves for the defense o| the city. The Pelican Fire Company No. 1 organized for the same purpose. Other companies organized in April were the "Rough and Ready Rangers," ninety men, Orleans Cadets, Tiger Rifles, Perritt Guards, a company of sappers and miners. The purchase and equipment of the "Sumter" first confederate warship, was an important event of this month and so was the fair for tlie benefit of the soldiers, held by the indefatigable women of this city in Odd Fellows Hall. The proceeds were $12,.516.35. A fair was held afterwards at the St. Louis Hotel which netted a much larger sum. Toward the close of April Camp Metairie, at the Metairie race course was established, the name being afterwards
changed to Camp Walker. It held about 4,000 men, and being unhealthfiil, was abandoned for a camp in Tangipahoa Parish. There was also a camp at what is now Audubon Park, then called Camp Louis.
Companies formed in May were Company A of the Irish Brigade, and A of the American Rifles, Louisiana Rifles, Mercer Rifle Guard, Coast Rangers, Polish Legion, Violett Guards, named after W. A. Violett^ and wearing a violet-eolored uniform, Southern Pilot Guards, Taylor Cadets, Stephens Guards, Washington Light Guards, Orleans Rifle Rangers, Lafayette Rifles, Perseverance Guards, Orleans Home Light Guards, Civic Guards, Ci'escent City Guards, Chal-mette Rifle Guards, Jefferson Davis Cadets. About 2,000 men had now left the city, and from 10,000 to 15,000 in or around it were ready for action. On the 27th of the month the famous Washington Artillery left for Virginia, after an ovation at the City Hall and addresses by Rev. Dr. Leacock and Rev. Dr. Palmer.
In June was formed the French Legion of five companies, composed of French citizens living in New Orleans, who generously offered their services to the government; and in the following month, Lieutenant-Colonel Chas. Dreux, the first Louisiana officer to die for the South, was buried near the Bayou St. John, the address being delivered by Lieutenant-Colonel Adolphus Olivier. During this month was held a sale of property captured by Confederate privateers, amounting to $30,000.
July 29, at Merchants' Exchange, was held a large meeting of citizens, at which $1,800 were contributed for the relief of wounded Confederate soldiers. Wm. A. Elmore presided at this meeting and Dr. Palmer and Judge Ogden made earnest and energetic addresses, the former referring to the great power of cotton and its influence upon the world. A standing committee of twenty-four was appointed.
On the .30th of July, the new iron Water-Works Building at the foot of Canal street, was given to the people by the City Council I0 be used as a depot of supplies, many planters having offered to send articles of produce if they could be properly disposed of. This noble charity, managed largely by Thos. Murray, came in the nick of time, for by the first of August the pittance of $10 per month, which had been paid to families of volunteer soldiers, had to cease, owing to the poverty and embarassments of the city. The blockade of the Gulf coasts caused great suffering among the poorer people and the generous gifts of the planters prevented actual starvation. For eight and one-half months the free market was open twice a week (beginning August 16), and the number of families re-
ceiving help, from 723 the first day, reached a maximum of 2,000. When, April 29, 1862, Commodore Farragiit reached the city and the storehouse was closed, 1,940 families came for the last generous donation. On this day were distributed eight bullocks, 140 busliels of cornraeal, six tierces of rice, four hogsheads of sugar, fourteen barrels of molasses, two barrels of mackerel, two boxes codfish, 400 cabbages, 80^0 bimches of leeks, twenty-four sacks of peas, one sack of turnips, two barrels of mess beef, one tierce of bacon, two sacks of beets and two barrels of sauerkraut. Perhaps the average nimiber of families receiving help the entire time may be stated as about 1,875. No finer or truer charity ever existed, for those who gave were beginning themselves to feel the hardships of war.
There were other charitable organizations at work in the city. One association of twenty-five gentlemen at 58 Gravier street distributed supplies for the wounded soldiers. The women were indefatigable in their work, and the energy, determination and patriotism they displayed during these wretched years, has made them immortal. They urged the men to fight, sending old hoop skirts to those who preferred home comforts to battlefield hardships. They displayed unflinching patriotism, sometimes foolish and exaggerated, biit the outcome of true courage; and in charitable work they were untiring. A Soldiers' Aid Society, ofiicered by Mrs. P. G. Laidlaw, president; Mrs. L. A. Whann, vice-president; and Mrs. H. M. Smith, secretary, sent clothing and delicacies to camp; and later was formed a society, of which Mrs. Parnele was secretary, for clothing the children of soldiers. This society by January 7, 1862, had received $1,247.50 and a quantity of clothing.
$100,000 was appropriated August 9, 1861, for the defense of the city, which sum was placed in the hands of Major-General David Emmamiel Twiggs. The following month there was another public sale of property brought into port by privateers. S'he ship, American Union, $15,500; J. H. Jarvis, $14,250; C. A. Farwell, $17,500; Ariel, $18,250; Lemuel Dyer, $1,150; bark Chester, $3,500; State of Maine, $11,000; schooner E. S. James, $500; a total of $81,-650.
On the 23rd of November, 1861, a great military review was held, in which 25,000 soldiers took part, and which as many ladies enthusiastically witnessed. At this time William Kussell, an Irish correspondent of the London Times, stated in an article, that if the Confederate finances were as sound as their fighting, they would have a great chance for success. The New Orleans papers replied that a country which could send 400,000 to 500,000 men into the field and
maintain thcni tlierp a? lonp: as was neccssarv, must be in a sound financial condition.
In December were organized the Carondelet Light Infantry Company, the Edward Thompson Guards and the Crescent City Guards Xo. 3, composed of lis men.
In January came a rumor of General Butler's arrival, but this was somewhat premature, though a few soldiers had landed from ''The Constitution," at Ship Island. But at this time the capture of Xew Orleans was in contemplation and had been assigiied to General Butler.
On February 15, 18G2, nearly all the fighting forces were ordered out of the city; the Louisiana Legion Brigade (General Buisson), consisting of two companies of artillery and three regiments of infantry; the First Brigade, of four regiments, an Irish regiment and several unattached companies. These were organized int« the militia of Louisiana, and on the 23rd, Buisson's Brigade and the Second Brigade, under General Labuzan, went into camp, and the First Brigade, Second Volunteer Brigade, General Tracy's and General Powell's Brigade were also called into service a little later.
The European brigade, composed of French, English and other companies, was organized February 21, 1862, Major C. T. Buddecke, colonel; Major G. Delia Valle, lieut. colonel; Captain D. W. Sherman, major.
About this time Beauregard issued a call for 5,000 men from Louisiana. Great confidence was felt in this general, while Albert Sidney Johnston, whom we now acknowledge one of the greatest southern soldiers, was censured for the flanking of Bowling Green, Ky., the advance up the Tennessee and Cumberland Kivers of the Union men, and the capture of Fort Donelson and Xashville. The general feeling just then, was that the South must he defended in Western Tennessee, and every thing was done to obtain volunteers, the companies of which were more popular than those of the militia, a private of the former occupying a much higher social position than one of the latter.
Here may be inserted a list of Louisiana troops in the Army of Tennessee, when troops from the same state were brigaded by order of the War Department.
First Louisiana regular infantry, under command of Col. D. W. Adams, succeeding Colonel Gladden (killed at Shiloh) ; 11th Louisiana, Col. S. F. Marks; 12th Louisiana, Col. S. M. Scott; 13th, Col. R. L. Gibson; 16th, Col. Preston Pond; ITth, Col. Hurd; 18th, Col. Mouton; 19th, Col. B. L. Hodge; 20th, Col. Reichart; 25th, Col. S. W. Fisk; 21st Louisiana, Col. Kenqedy.
Three companies of Clack's Battalion of Confederate Guards.
Fifth Company Washington Artillery: Captains, W. I. Hodgson, C. H. Slocomb; 1st lieutenants, W. C. D. Vaught, J. A. Chalaron; 2nd lieutenants, Thos. L. Hero, Thos. M. Blair, A. J. Leverich, Chas. G. Johnson; orderly sergeants, A. Gordon Bakewell, John Bartley; surgeon, J. C. Legare.
Orleans Guards Battery, Miles Legion of Artillery, Watson's Battery, Point Coupee Batteries, Boon's Battery, Guy Dreux Cavalry Co., Orleans Light Horse (Lee's), Scott's 1st Louisiana Cavalry Co.
On March 15, 1862, the city was placed under martial law by General Lov-ell, and all men refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the Confederate States were ordered to leave that district, which was placed under martial law. Wm. Freret, Cyprian Dufour, Pierre Soule and Henry D. Ogden were appointed provost marshals. The price of provisions was lowered, beef being from eleven to seventeen cents a pound, and corn from $1.10 to $1.25 per bushel. Measures were also taken to prevent the use of gold and silver in place of Confederate currency.
Albert Sidney Johnston li;:ving been killed in the Battle of Shiloh, was buried on the 11th, in the St. Louis cemetery, Rev. Dr. Leacoek officiating.
In this battle (Shiloli) thousands of brave Louisiana troops took part, and many of our men lost their lives.
We now come to a very painful passage in the history of New Orleans. The passage of our forts by Admiral Farragiit, was, it is true, a great naval manoeuvre: but we should not forget the heroic defense made by Forts Jackson and St. Philip; the wretched, flimsy gunboats opposed by the Confederates to Far-ragut's magnificent forces and well equipped fleet; nor the unprepared condition of 'Sew Orleans, from which General Lovell had wisely withdrawn his small forces, rather than lose them entirely to the Il^nion Army.
At noon, April 24th, the Union admiral was before New Orleans. Terrible dismaj' and excitement prevailed. The cotton in the city "the King" on which so much was supposed to depend, was burned—$1,500,000 worth. So were other things that might serve as booty to the "Yankee" army. Thanks to the European brigade, order was kept in the city, and the more violent were prevented from setting fire to everything.
The hanging of young ilumford, which occurred about this time, is still referred to with gTief and indignation by those who recall the sad event. The small Confederate army, under General Lovell, had wisely retreated, so that resistance to the enemy was of no avail. Still the mayor refused to surrender, and
no agreement, had been made, when on April 27, the Commodore had the United States flag hoisted over tlie mint, and when a few daring men (Vincent Heffer-man, William B. Mnmford, N. Holmes, John Bums and James Keed) tore it down, and brought it to the ground. This fact renders the subsequent'execution of Mnmford, by Butler's orders, criiel and unjust.
A bitter day for New Orleans was the 1st of May, 1862, and it was with anything but a holiday spirit that the people watched Butler's landing, and his grand street parade, the order of which was as follows: First Lieutenant Weigel of Baltimore, who was capable of leading the way, having been through the streets; the fife and drum corps of the 31st Massachusetts, the band of the 4th Wisconsin, General Butler awkwardly trying to keep step, and his staff, all on foot; Captain Everett's battery of artillery, the 31st Massachusetts, Col. O. K. Gooding, Gen. Williams and staff, and 4th Wisconsin. They marched along the levee to Poydras, then to St. Charles, to Canal and to the Custom House, where the 31st Massachusetts remained that night. The "True Delta" refusing to print Butler's proclamation, two of his officers, with a file of soldiers, took possession of the printing office and were able to produce a few handbills, which were distributed.
A controversy shortly began between Butler, in his headquarters at the St. Charles Hotel and Mayor John T. Monroe, owing to the question as to which should call upon the other for the purpose of discussing matters (New Orleans, since the secession of Louisiana, had been the seat of government in the state). Finally the mayor yielded, and with the Hon. Pierre Soule and various prominent citizens, called upon the general. A street riot, however, broke up the conference for the time being. It was finally agreed that the mayor should continue to exercise his civil authority.
There is no more delicate or dangerous subject for the handling of American historians, than the character of General Butler. He was looked upon so long in the South, and is still looked upon by many, with such loathing, horror and detestation, and there is so strong a tendency with some northerners to make a hero and a saint out of him, that it is very difficult to choose the medium which shall present this man as he really was. It is certainly not the task for a work of this kind. Yet the period of his occupancy here cannot be passed over in silence. That he was coarse and rough is an undoubted fact; "brutal," add those who lived thi-ough his rule in New Orleans. Of course, the views of our poople must necessarily have been colored by their sufferings, their passions
their misfortunes, and, of course, they were prepared to regard iinfavorablv any Union commander who might be imposed upon them. Yet it is doubtful whether an absolutely just or generous man would have inspired with hatred, even the most gentle and charitable natures, so that after all these years the mildest and swcelcst of the older men and women of New Orleans, will flash into rage at the very name "Ben Butler." A little courtesy, a little kindness, a little grace of manner would have done much to lighten the sorrows of a vanquished and heartbroken people. In reading Butler's orders issued at this time, one is struck by their plausibility and seeming virtue. Yet there is an ugly ring to them, and one cannot but realize that they fairly bristle Avith hatred, and a very unchristian feeling of triumph and ju-ide. As to the order concerning the women of Xew Orleans, that is something no Southerner can ever forgive. The exact feeling of a New Orleans man towards his wife, sister or daughter is something that Butler was probably incapable of understanding. He has, no doubt, received more blame than he merited, for there is little reason to believe that he intended the literal carrying out of his horrible command. The Southern women, as has before been stated, were crazed with patriotic enthusiasm. In their warmth, zeal and courage they went to lengths that were foolish and extravagant. There is no doubt that the soldiers were sometimes inconvenienced and humiliated by the behavior of the women in the street, but if Butler had shot or had execiited the cause of liis infamous order (who was said to have "spit in the face of a soldier"), it is doubtful whether he would have aroused the storm of hate and indignation that he did by these words:
" As the officers and soldiers of the United States have been subjected to rei^eated insults from the women (calling themselves ladies) of New Orleans, it is ordered that hereafter when any female shall, by word, gesture or movement, insult or show contempt for any officer or soldier of the United States, she shall be regarded and held liable to be treated as a woman of the town, plying her avocation."
This order (Xo. 28), which, if carried out, would have given unbounded license to the soldiers, who could interpret as they pleased, the conduct of a host of defenseless women, has properly covered with odium the name of its perpetrator. With husbands, brothers and fathers away fighting, what misery might not come upon the refined, delicately nurtured women of New Orleans. Yet no harm did come, and it is doubtful whether Butler intended anything more than a cruel sneer at the refined New Orleans society, which he so detested, because he was so far beneath it.
We should not deny the fact that Butler fed the starving poor of the city, or that he thoroughly cleaned the streets and di'ove out the scourge of yellow fever, though it may be stated that any conquering general is forced to do the one, and that the other was a measure for the protection of his own soldiers. We cannot exonerate him, however, from the charge of permitting the indiscriminate robberies and depredations of his soldiers upon our people, and the fact that he himself came into possession, about this time, of an immense amount of silverware, does not add to his credit. He was, perhaps, uot altogether wicked, lie was simply low and coarse, and like all men of that nature, when put in a position of power, fairly revelled in petty tyranny.
A controversy between General Butler and Mayor Monroe arose upon the issuing of the order just referred to, which ended in the mayor's leaving Xcw Orleans. There were also controversies between the general and various foreign consuls. But these subjects belong to another division of New Orleans history. So does the "handkerchief battle," in which a number of ladies, innocently waving farewell to a boat-load of Confederate prisoners on their way to lie exchanged, iiertinaciously continued to wave their handkerchiefs in honor (if the "Rebels," even when charged upon l)y Union ti-oops, and forced back at the point of the bayonet.
Some mention should he made, however, of the six prisoners (from Forts Jackson and St. Philip), who, towards the end of May, attempted to escape from New Orleans and joined the Confederate army, who were captured and condemned to death, but reprieved and sent to Ship Island, an act of clemency for which we should give General Butler his due.
On the 16th of December, 1SG2, General Butler left 'New Orleans, his place being taken by Major General iXathnniel P. Banks. On the first of Jiin-uar, 1863, General G. F. Shei^ley became military governor of the city, Commodore Farragut being commander of the Gulf squadron. In the spring a large number of loyal Southerners, refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the United States, were forced to leave Xew Orleans.
Following are some military statistics of i!few Orleans during the Civil War, and a brief glance at officers in commission before the war, according to tiic report of Adj. Gen. Ben. M. Grirot, in 1860:
First Division. —Maj. Gen. J. L. Lewis, Col. L. E. Forstall, Lieut. Col. ('lias. A. Labui:an, Lieut. Col. Thos. Cripps, Maj. W. P. Williams, ilaj. IT. Laville-beuvre, Maj. A. Trudeau, Maj. N. Gunari, Maj. L. Stein, Maj. L. Ilay, ]M.ij. Jos. M. Kennedy, Jr.
Louisiana Legion Brigade. —Brig. Gen. H. W. Palfrey, Maj. J. F. Chatry, Capt. E. Beltran, Capt. P. O'Rorke, Capt. W. B. Cook, Capt. Chas. A. Janvier.
Orleans Battalion of Artillery. —First company. Captain F. Strong; second, Captain F. Stromeyer; sixth. Sen. First Lieut. Theo. Morans; fourth, Captain J. L. Lamotlie.
Regiment Light Inf.antry. —Col. Clias. F. Sturcken, Lieut. Col. C. L. Mathes, Maj. H. Blaize, Lieut. E. H. Boelitz, Lieut. Herdsfelder, Lieut. G. Lugenbuhl, Lieut. Loisenger.
Chasseurs (1814-15).—First Lieut. F. Ecrot.
Yagers. —Capt. F. Peters.
Sharpshooters.-—Capt. F. Christen.
Fusiliers No. 7. —Capt. F. Sievers.
Fusiliers No. 2. —Second Lieut. Hy. Walbrech.
iMJayctte Guards. —Capt. F. Koenig.
Jefferson Guards. —Capt. F. Wollrath.
Battalion Chasseurs a Pied de la Louisane. —Maj. 1st
company, Capt. Hy. St. Paul; 2nd company, Capt. Sim Meilleur.
First Brigade.—Brig. Gen. E. L. Tracy, Maj. I. F. "Walker, Capt. R. Hooper, Capt. I. J. Daniels, Capt. J. G. McLearn, Capt. J. F. Caldwell.
Washington Artillery. —Capt J. B. Walton.
Washington Regiment. —Maj. Jno. Cavanagh.
Louisiana Greys. —Capt. E. Kennedy; Regiment Jf ational Guards, Col. H. Forno, Maj. G. Stith; Company C, National Guards, Capt. Chas. Drew; City Guards, Capt. W. T. Dean; Orleans Rifle Guards, Capt. John A. Jacques; Continental-Guards, Capt. Geo. Clark.
Mississippi Rifles No. 8. —Capt. F. Camerden.
First Regiment of the First Brigade. —Col. Louis Lay; 2nd regiment. Col. J. J. Daniels; 4th regiment, Col. John Price; 8th regiment. Col. Chas. De Choiseul, Lieut. Col. Jas. De Baum; 9th regiment, Col. R. Hooper, Lieut. Col. C. C. Miller.
Second Brigade.—Brig. Gen. D. Cronan, Maj. Jno. Stroud; 4th regiment, Col. Dan Edwards, Lieut. Col. Sam McBurney, Maj. Chas J. Murphy.
Second Division. —Composed of troops from the parishes, as third, fourth and fifth divisions.
In third division. Pelican Rifles, Capt. W. F. Tunnard.
It must not be concluded by any means, however, that all these belonging to military organizations wont out as "real soldiers" during the war.
STANDARD HISTORY OF NEW ORLEANS.
i6i
Forces in field from Louisiana, November 22, 1861, 23,577. At a review, held November 23, 1861, under Maj. Gen. John L. Lewis, of all vohm-teer and regular militia of 1st division, the troops assembling on Canal street, the force out nimibered 24,551; absent 6,402.
From the annual report of 1861 for Louisiana we obtain the following: Eegiment of artillery. Col. P. O. Herbert; regiment of infantry, Col. A. H. Gladden.
Wheat's Special Battalion Louisiana Volunteers: Maj. C. R. Wheat.
First Special Battalion Louisiana Volunteers.
Orleans Cadets, Chas. Dreux, captain. Other companies from parishes.
Battalion of infantry, Maj. Reichard battalion of artillery.
First Company Orleans Artillery, F. Gomez, captain; second, Capt. J. P. Merlot; third, Capt. G. Stromeyer; fourth, Capt. J. T. Theard.
Companies for active state service: Perseverance Guards, Capt. Jiio. Rareshide; Black Yagers, Capt. C. Rabenhorst; Co. A, Sappers and Miners, Capt. Jno. Ryan; Washington Light Infantry, Capt. J. L. Plattsmeier; Co. C, Orleans Cadets, Capt. Jos. Collins; Co. A, Screwman Guards, Capt. Sam G. Risk; Marion Guards, Capt. R. L. Robertson, Jr.; Yager Company, Capt. F. Peters; Scotch Rifle Guards, Capt. Purvis; Co. B, Screwman Guards, Capt. J. C. Batchelor; Allen Guards, Capt. S. Jones; Twigg's Rifles, Capt. H. D. Marks; St. Mary Cannonicrs, Capt. F. O. Cornay; Co. A, Orleans Blues, Capt. R. Herrick; Florence Guards, Capt. H. Brummerstadt; McCall Guards, Capt. Chas. Herrick; Co. B, Orleans Blues, Capt. Sam Boyd; Trailleurs d'Orleans, Capt. A. Tissot; Co. B, Twigg's Rifles, Capt. Wash. Marks; Ventress Life Guards, Capt. Jos. Goldman.
In tlio a7inual report made Ueeember 10, 1862, v,'e find mentioned twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh regiments, from parishes. Battalion Louisiana Defenders, Maj. Juan Miangohara, and Battalion Yellow Jackets, also from parishes. Forces Volunteer State Troops transferred to Maj. Gen. il. Lovell, commanding Department No. 1, C. S. A. First Brigade \^olunteer Troops, Brig. Gen. Ben. Brnsson; Orleans Guards, Col. W. Augustin; Chasseurs a Pieds, Col. J. S. Meilleur; Chalmette, Col. Szymanski; Cazadores Espagnoles, Lieut. Col. IST. Soule. Second Brigade: Beauregard, Col. F. A. Bartlett; Jeff Davis, Col. A. Smith; Continental, Col. G. Clark; Simipter, Col. G. A. Breaux. Battalions: Johnson Special, Lieut. Col. W. W. Johnson; King's Special, Lieut. Col. J. E. King. Tiiird Brigade: Confederate Guards, Col. J. F. Girault; Louisiana Irish, Col. P. B. O'Brian; Leed's Guards. Col. Chas. J. Leeds.
Kecapitulation of forces: First Brigade, 2,815; Second, 3,818; Third, 2,480; total, 9,113.
These regiments were disbanded when the gun-boats passed the forts, on Butler's arrival. Those who did not take the oath were exchanged as prisoners of war, being sent to Vieksburg, October 8.1802.
The Washington Artillery was first founded by General Persifer Smith, of Mexican War fame. In 1839 he encouraged the formation of volunteer companies in New Orleans, organizing the Washington Regiment, really the foundation of the present Washing-ton Artillery, in 18-1:0. It grew in importance and strength, obtaining a fine armory. In May, 1861, its services were accepted by President Davis, it was mustered into service May 26th, a sermon being delivered to the soldiers by Dr. Leacock at Christ's Church, and received $7,000 from the citizens of New Orleans, the Ladies' Association contributing $500. On that morning (the 26th) the roll call for Confederate service Avas as follows:
Staff: Major, J. B. Walton; Surgeon, Dr. E. S. Drew; Adjutant, Lieut. W. M. Owen; Quarter Master, Lieut. C. H. Slocomb. N^on-commissioned staff: Sergt. Major, C. L. C. Dupny; Quarter Master Sergt., Stringer Kennedy; Color Sergeant, L !M. Montgomery. Color Guard: Corporals, G. W. Wood, A. IT. Peale, I. L. Jewell, J. H. Dearie. Buglers: F. P. Villavasana and Jo. Kings-low.
First Company: Captain, H. il. Isaacson ; First Lieut., C. W. Squires; First Sergt., Ed. Owen; Second Sergt., J. M. Galbraith; Third Sergt., C. H. C. Bi'own; First Lieut., J. B Richardson; Second Lieut., H. G. Geiger; First Corporal, F. D. Ruggles; Second Corp., E. C. Payne; Third Corp., W. Fellows;
Fourth CoriD., F. F. Case. Artificers: S. G. Stewart, W. D. Holmes, Israel Scott.
Second Company: First Lieut., C. C. Lewis, commanding; First Lieut., S. J. McPherson; Second Lieut., C. H. Slocomb; First Sergt., J. H. DeGrange; Second Sergt., Gust. Airae; Third Sergt., H. C. Wood; Fourth Sergt., C. Iluchez; First Corp., J. D. Edwards; Second Corp., C. E. Levericli; Third Corp., J. Freret; Fourth Corp., B. V. L. Hutton. Artificers: J. Montgomer}' and L. Craig.
Third Company: Ca]3t., M. E. Miller; First Lieut., J. B. Whittington; Second Lieut., L. A. Adam; First Sergt., F. McElroy; Second Sergt., A. Hero; Third Sergt., L. Prados; Fourth Sergt., J. 1. Handy; First Corp., E. L. Jewell; Second Corp.,'A. H. Peale; Third Corp., W. H. Ellis; Fourth Corp., W. A. Collins. Artificers—Jos. Blanchard and Jas. Keating.
Fourth Company: Capt., B. F. Eshleraan; First Lieut., Jos. Norcom; Second Lieut., H. A. Battles; Second Sergt., W. J.Behan; Third Sergt, G. E. Apps; Fourth Serg-t., J. D. Reynolds; First Corp., G. Wood; Second Corp., J. W. Dearie. Artificers: L. Callahan and J. McDonnell. Band leader, J. V. Gessner.
Fifth Company: Captains, W. J. Hodgson and C. H. Slocomb; First Lieutenants, W. C. D. Vaugh and J. A. Chalaron; Second Lieutenants, Chas. L. Hero, Thos. M. Blair, A. J. Leverich and Chas. G. Johnson; Orderly Sergts., A. Gordon Bakewell, John Bartley; Surgeon, J. Cecil Legare.
Fonner's Louisiana Battery, noted as being the only Louisiana body of militia to remain volunteer till the end of the war, without coming imder conscript law, was organized May It!, 18G2, being officered as follows: Chas. E. Fenner, Captain; Thos. J.Duggan, First Lieutenant; W. T. Cluverius, Jr., First Lieut.; G. P. Harris, Jr., Second Lieut. Discharged for disability—C. J. Howell, Jr., Second Lieut.; Fred Ernest, First Sergt.; S. R. Garrett, Second Sergt.; J. F. Early, Third Serg-t.; S. H. Copeland, Fourth Sergt.; A. P. Beers Fifth Sergt.; E. W. Finney, Sixth Sergt.; R. Woest, Seventh Sergt.
The history of the following ten years (from 1863) in this city is a history of hard and disheartening struggle. Tlie people had to shake off the burden laid upon them by unsuccessful war, and begin again. New Orleans is to-day as devoted to the Union as any city in America. It is in a prosperous condition and beginning to take a front stand in the world of commerce, of wealth, and of scientific improvement. But wiiile all rancor, all l)ittcrness, between XortH
and South is and should be at an end, it is not well tliat the troubles and hardships of the past should be forgotten, nor the men and women who bore them so bravely and cheerfully.
The Union men in the city became more and more powerful. The "carpet-baggers" from the North took the management of affairs into their own hands. In 1864 there were two governors elected in. Louisiana,—Michael Halm, chosen by that district imder control of the Union soldiers; General Henry W. Allen by the rest of the state. The latter is still remembered for his good deeds. In 1868 Louisiana once more became a part of the Union, but her troubles- were by no means at an end. A time of corruption, of debt and of tyrannical rule followed. The Metropolitan Police were always at hand to enforce obedience to the TTnion men. Finally, when Warmouth was followed by Kellogg as governor, when all other attempts to extricate the state from its position proved vain, the White League was formed, spreading from Caddo Parish to Tfew Orleans, a secret society which became immortal, September 14, 1874, when a battle was fought of great importance in New Orleans annals, its hero being General Frederick Nash Ogden. The conflict was hastened by the fact that the Governor seized and retained certain guns that were on their way to the White Leaguers. On Monday morning, SepLember 14, 1874, at 11 o'clock, a mass meeting was held at Clay Statue, Canal street, where resolutions were adopted requesting the abdication of Governor Kellogg. This being refused, the White Leaguers dispersed to arm themselves, and aboiit 4:30 the battle commenced in that portion of the city bounded by Custom House Street, Poydras, the Levee and St. Charles Street. The Metropolitan police, about 1,000 in number, were formed into a regiment under Gen. A. S. Badger, and under the supreme command of General Longstreet. They were stationed around the Custom House. One wing of about 200 men and one cannon kept up a fire on Tchoupitoulas Street, the only crossing not barricaded, and five citizens were there wounded; 250 men with four guns and General Badger, commanded the south side of the Custom House. At quarter past four the Metropolitans advancing to the Levee, were attacked by the White Leaguers and completely routed, and next morning the ?,,0()() colored militia occupying the State House surrendered quietly.
The White Leaguer commands which took part were as follows:
CRESCENT CITY WHITE LEAGUE, COLONEI, W. J. FEUAN, COMMANDIXG.
Section A—Captain W. T. Vaudry.
Section B—Captain George H. Lord.
Section C—Captain H. S. Buck.
Section D—Captain Archibald Mitchell.
Section E—Captain R. B. Pleasants.
Section F—Captain Thomas McTntyre.
Section G—Captain D. M. Kilpatrick.
The Eleventh Ward White League—Captain E. M. Andress.
The Tenth Ward White League—Captain Edward Flood.
The Sixth District White League—Captain H. E. Shropshire.
The Sixth District White League—Captain Columbus H. Allen.
The Sixth Ward White League—Captain George W. Dupre.
The Seventh Ward White League—Captain O. M. Tennyson.
The Washington White League—Captain A. B. Philips.
The St. John White League—Captain Charles Vautier.
Second Ward White League—Captain R. Stuart Dennee.
The Third Ward White League—Captain J. R. S. Selleck.
Major Gustave Le Gardeur, with Captain A. Roman's company (the remainder of his battalion present being unarmed).
Captain John G. Angell, commanding the First Louisiana Infantry, composed of the following companies:
Company A—Captain Euclid Borland. Company B—Captain Frank McGloiu. Company C—Captain Blanchard. Company E—Lieutenant Frank L. Richardson.
Besides these there were two companies of artillery, one under command of Captain John Glynn, Jr., the other under command of Captain H. Dudley Coleman.
In the charge on the Metropolitan Police the White Leaguers lost twelve men killed and thirteen wounded, several of whom afterward died. Following is a list of the killed and wounded:
Killed —A. M. Gautier, A. Bozonier, Chas. Bruland, of Colonel Glynn's command; John Graval, of Captain Vautier's company; E. A. Toledano, S. B. Newman, Jr., of Captain Vaudry's company; Wm. A. Wells, of Captain Flood's company; James Crossin, of Captain Lord's company; J. M. West,
Adrien Ferrilan, J. K. Gourdnin, iinattaclied; Michael Betz, of Captain Philips' company; F. Mohrman, of Major Allen's command; James Considine, of Captain Blanchard's company; Wm. C. Eobbins, of Captain Buck's company; and K. G. Lindsey, of Captain Pleasants' company. Wounded —General F. N. Ogden, Captain Andrews, Lieutenant Schiedel, John McCormick, James Davis, P. McBride, Francois Pallet, Andrew Close, J. K. A. Gauthreaux, Chas. Kit, John McCabe, J. H. Keller, D. Soniat, Martin Long, L. Fazende, P. Bernos, E. Swanson, F. Fossetelyon, Minor Kenner, W. Matthewson, Ernest Buisson, J. Brunean. J. Savage, J. C. Potts, Emmanuel Blessey, R. Aby, W. H. Kilpat-rick, M. R. Bricon, W. C. H. Robinson, AV. C. Taylor, Thomas Boyle, Mike Betts, Frank Owen, J. IL Cross, John Meru, James McCabe, Wm. Orimond,
Chas. Kill, J. M. Henderson, J. P. Dalmy, Pollock, W. J. Butler and
Henry Peel.
The killed of the Metropolitan Police Avere as follows:
C. F. Clermont, corporal; J. Kennedy, patrolman, died September 24; J. McManus, sergeant; W. Thornton, corporal; M. O'Keefe, patrolman; E. Si-monds, patrolman; F. E. Koehler, supernumerary; I. H. Camp, patrolman; D. Fisher, patrolman; R. Zipple, supernumerary, unattached; and Armstead Hill, volunteer civilian.
The contribution of Louisiana to the late war with Spain consisted of two full regiments of infantry, three batteries of artillery, about 250 men to the ^avy, from tlie Louisiana N^aval militia, and a niimber recruited for a regailar term into the Navy. The first Immune Regiment was organized at New Orleans, Duncan 'N. Hood being Colonel and contained a number of Louisiani-ans. About 5,000 men went out from this state, and while, imfortunately, none of them were ordered to the scenes of warfare, they made excellent soldiers, and were eager for fighting.
In April, 1898, before the war had begun, a meeting was held of committees from the Fourth and Seventh Battalions, Major William C. Dufour, of the latter being anxious to form a regiment of tJie two. The Fourth was represented by Coo])er, Waterman and Jacobs, the Seventh by Favrot, Friedrichs, Livaudais and Elmore Dufour.
The regiment was afterwards formed of the Fourth and Seventh Battalions, and of tlic Tliinl, necessary to make the full complement of 12 companies, and the attemjit failing to secure jxM'uiission froin tlie War Department to make Ivieut. Jacque Lalitte Colonel, ^lajor Eluicr E. Wood was cliosen Colonel, William G. Dufnur beinii' Liciitcniant-C'oloncl.
On May 1, 1S9S, Col. Wood appointed tis staff as follows: Captain H. L. Favrot, adjutant; Captain C. T. Madison, quartermaster; Major J. 0. Arch-inard, chief surgeon. Captains M. W. Kainold and F. J. Chalaron assistant surgeons,, and Captain H. R. Carson chaplain. On the preceding evening at Memorial Hall was held a meeting of confederate veterans, Gen. Lombard presiding; J. Y. Gilmore, secretary; J. A. Chalaron, of Camp ISTo. 2, Army of Tennessee, chairman; Edw. Marks, Camp No. 1, Army of JSTorthern Virginia, F. G. Freret, Camp No. 9, Cavalry Association, B. F. Eshelman, Camp JSTo. 5, Washington Artillery, A. B. Booth, Camp No. 16, and Henry St. Paul, being appointed a committee for drawing up resolutions approving of the war, and expressing the determination of the veterans to stand by their coimtry in a crisis.
On the first of May the new regiment went into camp at the fair grounds (Camp Foster) where already were the First Louisiana and a couple of regular regiments. Col. Ovrenshine, heard from in connection with the Philippines, commanded one of the latter. Thanks to the tarpaulins donated by Mr. A. A. Maginnis, the boys were supplied with tents, but there were many inconveniences connected with Camp Foster, the water being particularly bad. The regiment (850 strong) was mustered in by Major Edmund of the Regular Army, the last company being mustered in May 25th. On the 30th, the Second Regiment was ordered to Mobile, and after a march through the central part of this city, to the delight of numerous admiring friends and relatives, took the cars at the foot of Canal street. They reached Mobile the next morning, remained in the cars till the next day, and then went into camp about 7 miles from the city, by the side of the First Alabama regiment. Soon after, the First Louisiana arrived. When Col. Wood had reported to Gen. Coppinger, the Second Louisiana was assigned to the first division of his corps; subsequently it was brigaded with the Second Texas and Second Alabama, under Col. Oppfenheimer of Texas. Afterwards, when the law authorized each company to contain 106 men, 300 additional recruits were obtained for the Second Louisiana, but on account of yellow fever breaking oiit, strict quarantine regulations being necessary, the greatest number attained by the regiment was 1,250.
On June 26, 1898, the regiment was ordered to Miami, Florida, arriving there Jime 28, and soon followed by the First Texas and First Louisiana. On July 7th, Gen. Schwan, who commanded the brigade to which the Second now belonged, was ordered to Porto Rica, but was not permitted to take his brigade
■with him, and his troops being transferred from the Fourth corps to the Seventh became a portion of the First division of the aimy, commanded by Gen. Fitzhngh Lee. Gen. J. Warren Keifer being in command of the division. On July Stii, on account of the exceedingly unhealthy condition of the camp at Miami, the division was ordered to Jacksonville, leaving for the latter place August 8tli, a number of soldiers having died on account of their'experiences at Miami.
On October 22, 1898, the camp, with the hope of soon being sent to Cuba, was ordered to Savannah, Georgia, where, December 5th, it was visited by President McK'inley. The president reviewed the troops, and was pleased with their soldierly bearing. On December 24th, the regiment was conveyed on the transport, Mobile, to Havana, reaching there on the 27tL Here they were assigned by Gen. Lee to the excellent camping ground of Buena Vista, on Panorama Hill, seven miles from Havana. On the first of January, 1899, the regiment was among the first American troops to enter Havana. They marched down the Prado. and were reviewed by Gen. Brooke and Gen. Lee in front of the Hotel Ingleterra, the honors done our Louisiana boys that day being one of which they will always be proud; that is, the rank given them among the first troops.
At Camp Buena Vista private Hughes was killed by private Buckley, who is now serving a life sentence at Fort Leavenworth. This was a very sad event.
On March 18th the regiment was ordered to Savannah, where, on the 18th »f Ajnil, its soldiers were paid off and mustered out. They returned to Xew Orleans April 20th, regi'etting that they had not been permitted to see actual war.
Following is the roster of the regiment, the names of the several captains, and the death roll in full:
Field and Staff —Elmer E. Wood, colonel; William C. Dufour, lieutenant colonel; William L. Hughes, major; George M. Hodgdon, major; Frank J. Chal-aron, major and surgeon; Henry L. Favrot, captain and adjutant; Mozart W. Rainold, captain and assistant surgeon; Allen Jumel, Jr., first lieutenant and assistant surgeon; Rufus E. Foster, first lieutenant and quartermaster; Edward Dinkelspiel, second lieutenant Company F, commissary; James S. Rankin, sergeant major; John E. Kearney, quartermaster sergeant; Charles L. Babied, hospital steward; Peter Wilson, hospital steward; Leonce P. Thibaut, hospital
steward; John W. Sherwood, chief musician; James L. Segar, principal musician ; and Louis Fatzer, principal musician.
Captains —Company A, Harry A. Mackie; company B, Harry A. Beu-ners; company C, Arthur W. Jacobs; company D, Placide M. Laraberton; com2>any E, F. W. Matthews; company F, Carl C. Friedrichs; company G, Frank Oriel; company H, George A. Cooper; company I, Samuel McC. Hern-don; company K, Andrew J. Boissonneau; company L, John B. Waterman; company M, Robert G. Guerard.
The list of those who died is as follows:
Bugler A. L. Mugnier, Company H, died July 18, 1898; Lieutenant John D. Nelson, Company K, died July 19, 1898; B. Muldoon, Company H, died Aug. 3, 1898; E. J. Lassere, Company M, died Aug. 7, 1898; Archie Parker, Company H, died Aug. 14, 1898; Joshua Davis, Company C, died Aug. 16, 1898; E. O. Burrows, Company H, discharged Sept. 4, died Sept, 9, 1898; Albert Lasch, Company H, died Oct. ]3, 1898; J. P. Seigler, Company D, died Oct. 12, 1898; Lieutenant S. B. McClure, Company K, died Oct. 17, 1898; Captain Elmore Dufour, Company I, died jSTov. 13, 1898; J. D. Hughes, Company E, killed Jan. 7, 1899 ; Louis Grelle, Company K, died Feb. 19, 1899 ; Julius Keller, Company G, died Feb. 24, 1899; Albert Quint, Company il, died Feb. 25, 1899; and W. G. Waterman, Company E, died March 28, 1899.
Lieutenant Gordon L. Sneed, who died at Miami, was buried in New Orleans with military honors.
The following statistics concerning the Naval Battalion of New Orleans should prove of interest:
This important organization was mustered in with two companies September 11, 1895, chiefly owing to the efforts of Mr. J. S. Watters. There were then 110 on roll. In the next three months, two more divisions were added. The battalion first appeared in uniform January, 1896, and gave a ball that year, and on Mardi Gras "turned out" 150 strong. In this year, also, the battalion visited the U. S. battleship Raleigh, camping out at Fort Fads and drilling on the Raleigh. In August, 1897, the U. S. cruiser Montgomery came to Ship Island and the battalion went over on three schooners to visit it. The officers' reports concerning this military body were very flattering.
In 1896, an engineer division was added to the battalion, making five divisions.
In 1898, at the outbreak of war, the command just mentioned was ready
for service, three parties being organized for coast signal service at Fort Eads, Mobile and Galveston. About 115, officers and men, were detailed as a crew for the Monitor Passaic, and served on her during the war, at the close of which the Government loaned the U. S. "Stranger," a yacht purchased during hostilities, for the use of the battalion.
The officers at the time of organization were as follows: Captain, J. S. Watters; Lieutenants, J. W. Bostick, H. P. Carroll, J. C, Ford, J. T. Harris, L. W. Bartlett; Lieutenants, junior grade, W. Mc L. Fays-soux, A. C. Bell, A. M. Haas, J. H. Parker; Ensigns, H. G. Shaw, R. Marcour, A. W. Socola, S. St. J. Eshelman; Passed Assistant Surgeon, Will. H. Woods; Assistant Surgeon, E. C. Renaud; Passed Assistant Engineer, R. C. Wilson; Paymaster, A. Fourchy.
CHAPTER VI.
THE FIGHT AGAINST HIGH WATER. By a. G. Dueno.
ACCORDIISrG to the estimate of the Mississippi River Commission, there are in the delta or alluvial lands of the Lower Mississippi, 29,790 square miles, or 19,065,600 acres of territory subject to overflow. This includes portions of seven states, and extends from the head of the St. Francis Basin to the Gulf of Mexico, a distance of over eleven hundred miles. This vast area is apportioned among the seven states as follows:
Square Miles. Acres.
Illinois 65 41,600
Missouri 2,874 1,839,360
Kentucky 125 80,000
Tennessee 453 289,920
Arkansas 4,652 2,977,280
Mississippi 6,926 4,432,640
Louisiana 14,695 9,404,800
Total 29,790 19,065,600
"This," says Mr. JTorman Walker, in his report to the Treasury Department on the "Commerce of the Mississippi from Memphis to the Gulf of Mexico," "is twice as large as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, twice as as large as Switzerland, larger than many of the historic states of Europe, and larger than the combined areas of Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. It is seven times as great as the arable lands of Egyi^t now or at any former pe-' riod."
The first white men who entered the Mississippi Valley found the river in flood. Both LaSalle, who descended the stream in 1684, and Bienville, who explored it in 1699-1700, found the banks under water at several points, and the last named, who was in search of a site for his projected settlement on the river, fixed upon the location now occupied by New Orleans as the nearest point to
the Gulf which was at that time above water. It happened, however, that the flood of that year did not reach the usual high water mark, and when, in 1718, he came to lay the foundations of his city, the swelling tide so interfered with the work that his men were compelled to stop it, and devote themselves to the construction of a rude levee in front of the town and some distance above it in order to keep it clear of water. This was the first levee in Louisiana, and was constructed under the supervision of Sieur Le Blond de la Tour, a Knight of St. Louis, and chief engineer of the colony. This temporary levee was worked upon every year, being raised and strengthened from time to time, and finally completed in 1727, under the administration of Governor Perier, when it presented an 18-foot crown and 60-foot base, with a length of 5,400 feet, or slightly more than a mile. This was more than the city front, and afForded it ample protection. Tt was continued above the city for a distance of 18 miles by a smaller levee, and below it by another which extended 14 miles, for the protection both of the farmers and of the city.
As the country around New Orleans was settled the levees were extended, and by 1735 they stretched a distance of 42 miles, from English Turn, below the city, to a point 30 miles above it. With the exception of that in front of New Orleans, however, they were low and weak, and imable to resist the great flood of that year which lasted from December to the end of June, 1836, cans^ ing great loss, and seriously interfering with the season's planting. They were patched up, but in so slight and insufficient a manner that they afforded little resistance to the flood, and crevasses became so frequent that the government took the matter up, and issued an edict requiring proprietors of land fronting on the river to improve their levees and have them in good condition by Janii-ary 1. 1744, under penalty of confiscation. This stringent measnre seems to have had the desired effect, and during the next half century Loiiisiana suffered but little loss from overflow. The levees were gradually extended and became the basis of the present levee system of the Lower Mississippi Valley,— indeed it is possible that some of them exist to this day in those sections where there has been but little change in the course of the river. These levees were constructed by the proprietors, the government reserving a supervisory power, and permitting no neglect on the part of planters. The land so protected was all under a high state of cultivation, and in 1752 nearly the whole population of the colony was concentrated within an area of 200 square miles.
The levee continued to advance slowly northward, at the rate of about a
mile a year, tliougii the cost of building then was relatively much greater than at present, the planters being without proper facilities for the work. The slow settlement of the country is doubtless due to the outlay imposed by the necessity of building these dikes, which was manv times greater than the cost of the land and the stock required for its cultivation. In 1782 occurred the greatest flood of the first century of the settlement of Louisiana, but there were only a few slight crevasses, which were soon repaired, and the planters escaped serious loss, as they did also in the years 1780, 1785, 1791, and 1796, though New Orleans was flooded. This experience firmly convinced the inhabitants of the value of levees, and the work of construction went on with increased energy. In 1812 the levees on the east bank extended from Pointe a la Hache to Pass Manchac, a distance of 155 miles, and from the lower Plaquemines settlement on the west bank to Pointe Co\ipee, a distance of 185 miles. This 3-10 miles of levee had been built mostly with slave labor, and at a probable cost of $6,500,-000, a very heavy expense for so yoimg a country. The first serious disaster to the Louisiana levees occurred in 1813, with the breaking of the Pointe Coupee levee, since known as the Grand Levee, Avhich protects seven parishes from overflow. This levee, the largest and most important, as well as the most exposed in the State, has bi'oken several times, each time causing great damage, as the overflow extends to the basins of the Atchafalaya, Bayou Teehe, and Grand Lake. In 1813 the water in Grand Lake rose from 4 to 5 feet higher than any previous year since 1780. Three years later there was another notable overflow, confined almost wholly to the city. The Marate levee at Carrollton gave way, and the rear portions of the suburbs were flooded to a depth of from 3 to 5 feet. The water ran ofl^, however, within twenty-five days, and all damages were repaired. By 1828 a continuous line of levees, except at points where they were not needed, extended from New Orleans to Red River Landing, 195 miles above the city, and 65 miles below it.
In 1845, in an appeal made by the Memphis river convention to the Federal Government for aid in the matter of levee building, it was proposed that the flooded lands be given to the States to aid in the building of levees, and in reclaiming the swamps. As a result of the appeal Congress in this year, for the first time, granted assistance in the construction of levees, and in 1849 passed an act donating to Louisiana all the swamps and overflowed lands found imfit for cultivation. In 1850 the grant was extended so as to include all the other States in the LTnion in which such swamps or overflowed lands were situated, and pro-
vided that the proceeds of said lands, whether derived from sale or from direct appropriation in kind, "should be applied, exclusively, so far as necessary, to the reclaiming of said lands by means of levees and drains." The fimds derived from the sale of these lands have been generally turned over to boards of swamp commissioners, to be used by them in levee building. The lands received by the three river States of Louisiana, Arkansas and Mississippi aggregate 18,545,-270 acres. Of these States Louisiana has secured the best results from the donation. It is still possessed of a considerable revenue from this soiirce, the Mor-ganza levee in Pointe 'Coupee having in 1883 been constructed from funds realized from the sale of swamp lands. The assistance thus given by the Federal Government lent a new impetus to the work of levee building, and the following ten years were fruitful in good results. In 1860 there were 2,184 miles of embankments on the Mississippi, with an average height of from 8 to 10 feet and a width at the base of from 50 to 75 feet, their width at the top being something less than their height.
As has been stated, the levees, under French rule, were constructed and kept in repair by the front proprietors. Later the police jury, corresponding to the county commissioners of other states, took charge of the levees in Louisiana, though in times of danger the riparian proprietors within seven miles of the river, whose lands were subject to overflow, were required to aid in warding off the threatened crevasse. At such times the farmers and planters met and formed a plan of action. Each gave the labor of a number of slaves, according to his means,—one giving ten slaves for twenty days or less, another thirty slaves for fifteen days. Afterwards districts were formed and taxes imposed for levee purposes.
The manner in which the work was done renders it difficult to arrive at the cost of these dikes previous to the war. In 1800 the State engineer estimated the cost of the levees then standing in Louisiana at $12,500,000. This estimate was based upon the value at ruling prices of the number ot cubic yards of earth entering into their construction. According to another report the cost of all the levees in the river States from the beginning of levee building up to 1862 was $43,759,000, those of Louisiana alone costing $25,000,000. In 1871 a levee company was formed in Louisiana, charged with the entire work of levee construction, a tax of 2 mills on the dollar being voted for the pixrpose of raising the necessary fimds. The tax was increased to 4 mills and then dropped again to 3. The company was under obligation to build at least 3,000,000 cubic yards
&
STANDARD HISTORY OF NEW ORLEANS. 17S
of levees per year, at 50 and GO cents per cubic yard, which would have made the expense of levees $1,650,000 per year. In 1876 the chief engineer of the State reported that the work done by the company for the preceding three years would not replace the wear and tear of the levees, and that they were losing ground every year. A tabulated statement of the work done upon the levees from 1866 to June 9, 1887, with the cost of the same, shows that under the administration of the company, lasting from 1871 to May 11, 1877, only 7,256,-469 cubic yards of levee were made, 3,586,060 of which were constructed before October 1, 1872. Since 1877 the work has been done by the State board of engineers, under the direction of the governor, and the boards of levee commissioners of the several districts. Wi th the improved methods now in use the cost has steadily decreased from 73 2-5 cents per cubic yard in 1867, to 19 1-3 cents in 1886.
The levee fund is provided by a one mill tax imposed by the State, and by the sale of the swamp lands voted to the State by the Federal Government. The districts are also empowered to tax themselves 5 mills for levee purposes, and have done so for several years. In the Tensas district, created by act of the Legislature, bonds may be issued for the purpose of levee building, and a tax laid on lands and crops—so much for each bale of cotton and bushel of corn raised in the section subject to overflow and protected by the levees. In addition to the money provided by the State and the levee districts, some of the parishes have taxed themselves for levee purposes. The railroads subject to inundation have also contributed to a levee fund, particularly the Louisville, New Orleans & Texas Pacific, which subscribed liberally to the building of the great Bonnet Carre dike. Between the years 1866 and 1877 it is estimated that there have been expended on levees in Louisiana:
By State and levee districts .$13,745,148.57
By Federal Government 1,342,807.00
By parishes, railroads and planters 800,280.17
Total $15,888,235.74
Amount estimated as previously si>ent $25,600,000.00
Total cost of levees in Louisiana $41,488,235.74
Adding to this the amounts expended in the states of Mississippi and Arkansas during the same period we have a total of $25,704,482.44 a? the cost of
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HTANDAi:!) IIISroUY OF NFW OHLI'JANM.
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'I'lie llnnil ill ISS;! was e\eii iiinre d isasi rolls. Tile rixer was iinnsiially liif'li diirini'; llie earl\ winler, lull nn serimis a|i|iri'lieiisioiis were eiilerlained nl II fi'iieral oM'illnw. Willi llie lie-;! nil i lit;' of llie yeiir, Imwever, llie rains si'l in and I'niil iiiiied willmnl eessalinii dnriiifi' iliMHiiiry, |iarl ienlarly in the valleys iil' llie Tennessee and ()|iin, and .'ilmlll \' ieksluil'ii,'. The rixer- in Miisl Teimcsscd were mil >>( luink'- hy llie middle nl' .laniiai'v. In M ississi |i|ii, and Alalimna also, serimis llnniU were ri'imrled, while llie .VlehalahiN a nM'rllnwed ila hanks
STANPAIW If/HTOUy OF ypJV OliLliANS. \77
to Huch an cxtont an to stop thf; work on thr; Xftw OrleanH Pacific II. It. Still thf; rains foil daily, and the river row*. A thorough inupwrtion waH made of the levees and niueh work wa.s done on thr^ni, hnt the rain greatly impaired itH ef-feetivenesB. On the 28th of January two breaks <>cu:iirr(;<\, one in Madiw^n I'ar-i«h, and one F)elow the city in Plaquemines Parish; on the SOth there was another at L'X'kport on the La Foiirehe. Pehniary 2d Ited River rose, flooding the bottom lands U;low Slireveport, and on the 0th the levwis in the Ya/ZKj valley broke. After that every day brought a new erevasse, anrl by the middle of the month all the bottom lands of Mississippi, Arkansas, and much of Northern I/Ouifiiana were under water. On the first of March there were fiftf*n crevasMjs in Txjuisiana on the Mississippi, Atehafalaya, and La Fourche. Great destitution prevailed, and appeals to the Government were made from Illinois, Missouri, Tennf^sf^;, Arkansas, fx^uisiana, and Mississippi. 'J'he numU;r of sufferers by the flfKKl was then estimated at 4'i,<)<)(K On March 8th the Pointe Coupee levf* gave way, changing tlie scene of destruction to w;ntral I^juisiana. The water ^joured down the Atchafalaya, overflowing the Attakapas district, and ruining the finest sugar plantations of the state.